ابوالقاسمی، عباس؛ محمودی، هیوا و سلیمانی، اسماعیل (1388). بررسی نقش سبکهای دلبستگی و مکانیسمهای دفاعی در تمیز دانشجویان سیگاری و غیر سیگاری. مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی سبزوار، 16(3): 134-141.
احدی، بتول (1387). رابطه احساس تنهایی و عزتنفس با سبکهای دلبستگی دانشجویان. مطالعات روانشناختی، دوره 5-(1): 95-112.
اصغریمقدم، محمدعلی؛ و فقهی، سعید. (1379). تعیین اعتبار آزمون SF-36 سؤالی با استفاده از یک ملاک خارجی. گزارش تحقیق. تهران: گروه روانشناسی، دانشگاه شاهد.
بشارت محمدعلی، شریفی ماندانا، ایروانی محمد (1380). بررسی رابطه سبکهای دلبستگی و مکانیسمهای دفاعی. مجله روانشناسی، شماره 19، 277-289.
بشارت، محمدعلی، نوربخش، سیده نجمه، رستمی، رضا، فراهانی، حجت اله (1391). نقش تعدیلکننده خودتنظیم گری در رابطه بین سبکهای دلبستگی و شدت اختلالهای مصرف مواد. مجله روانشناسی بالینی، 4(3): 21-32.
پاکدامن، شهلا (1380). بررسی ارتباط بین دلبستگی و جامعه طلبی در نوجوانان. پایاننامهی دکتری، دانشکده روانشناسی دانشگاه تهران.
دهشیری، غلامرضا؛ برج علی، احمد؛ شیخی، منصوره؛ حبیبی، مجتبی (1387). ساخت و اعتباریابی مقیاس احساس تنهایی در بین دانشجویان. مجله روانشناسی، 12(3):282-296.
رضوانفرد، مهرناز؛ اختیاری، حامد؛ مکری، آذرخش و کاویانی، حسین (1386). رابطه ویژگیهای شخصیتی و تکانشگری با میزان وابستگی نیکوتین در افراد سیگاری. تازههای علوم شناختی، 9(4): 33-49.
Ahmadi, J., Khalili, H., Jooybar, R., Namazi, N. & Mohammadaghaei, P. (1999). "Epidemiology of cigarettesmoking among Iranian population". Presented at World Psychiatric Association, Regional Congress, Preventive Psychiatry, Athens, Greece.
Barrett, A.E. & Turner, R.J. (2006). "Family structure and substance use problems in adolescenceand early adulthood". Addiction, 101, 109-120.
Botvin, G., Baker, E., Dusenbury, L., Botvin, E. & Diaz, T. (1995). "Long-term follow-up results of a randomized drug-abuse prevention trial in a white middle class population". Journal of the American Medical Association, 273,1106–1112.
Baska, T., Baskova, M., Hudeckova, H., Straka, S., & Madar, R. (2007). "Increasing trends of tobacco use in medical students in Slovakia – a reason for concern"?. Cent Eur J Public Health, 15(1):29-32.
Brennan, K. A. & Shaver, P. R. (1995). "Dimensions of adult attachment, affect regulation, and omantic relationship functioning". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21(3): 267-83.
Cacioppo, J. T. & Patrick, B. (2008). "Loneliness: Human nature and the need for social connection". New York: W. W. Norton & Company.
Charkazi, A., Heshmati, H. & Neirizi, O. (2012). "Explaining smoking among students at Golestan University of Medical Sciences based on basnef model". J Health Syst Res, 7(6): 986-93.
Cooper, M. L., Albino, A.W., Orcutt, H. K., & Williams, N. (2004). "Attachment styles and intrapersonal adjustment: A longitudinal study from adolescence into young adulthood". Theory, research, and clinical implication. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 438-466.
Cacioppo, J. T., Ernst, J. M., Burleson, M. H., McClintock, M. K., Malarkey, W. B., Hawkley, L. C. & et al. (2000). "Lonely traits and concomitant physiological processes: The MacArthur Social Neuroscience Studies. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 35, 143–154.
Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., ten Have, M., de & Graaf, R. (2007). "Smoking is associated with first-ever incidence of mental disorders: a prospective population-based study". Addiction, 102(8): 1303-1309.
Cuijpers, P., Smit, F. & ten Have, M. (2007). "Smoking isassociated with first-ever incidence of mental disorders: a prospective population-based study". Addiction, 102(8): 1303-9.
Currie, C., Roberts, C., Morgan, A., Smith, R., Settertobulte, W., Samdal, O., & Barnekow, R.V. (2004). "Young people's health in context – Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: International report from the 2001/02 survey". Copenhagen: WHO-Europe.
Daniel, W. & Russell. (1996). "UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure". Journal of Personality Assessment, 66(1), 20 — 40.
DeWall, C. N., & Pond, R. S. (2011). "Loneliness and smoking: The costs of the desire to reconnect". Self and Identity, 10, 375-385.
DeFronzo, J. & Pawlak, R.(1993). "Effects of social bonds and childhood experiences on alcohol abuse and smoking". J Soc Psychol, 133: 635-642.
Goldberg, D., & Williams, P. (1988). "A users' guide to the General Health Questionnaire. U. K. : NFER Nelson".
Hussong, A.M. & Chassin, L. (1994). "The stress-negative affect model of adolescent alcohol use: Disaggregating negative affect. J Stud Alcohol, 55(6): 707-18.
Huang, H. (2005). "A cross-cultural test of the spiral of silence". International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 17(3), 324-345.
Hofstede, G. (2001). "Cultures consequences: Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.)". Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Hammond, S.K. (2009). "Global patterns of nicotine and tobacco consumption". Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 192, 3–38.
Hawkins, J. D., Catalano, R. F., & Arthur, M. W. (2002). "Promoting science-based prevention in communities. Addictive Behaviors". 27(6): 951-976.
Haenle, M. M., Brockmann, O.S., Kron, M., Bertling, U., Mason, A.R., Steinbach, G., & et al. (2006). "Overweight, physical activity, tobacco and alcohol consumption in a cross-sectional random sample of German adults". BMC Public Health, 6,233.
Harakeha,T., Ron, H.J., Scholtea, H., & Vriesb, R. E. (2006). "Association between personality and adolescent smoking". Addictive Behaviors, 31, 232–245.
Hawkley, L.C., Burleson, M. H., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2003). "Loneliness in everyday life: Cardiovascular activity, psychosocial context, and health behaviors". Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 85, 105–120.
House, J. S., Landis, K. R., & Umberson, D. (1988). "Social relationships and health". Science, 241, 540–545.
Heiligenstein, E., & Stevens, S. (2006). "Smoking and mental health problems in treatment seeking university students". Nicotine and Tobacco Research, 8, 1-5.
Jarvis, M., & Wardl, e. J. (1999). "Social patterning of individual health behaviours: the case of cigarette smoking". Social determinants of Health. Eds. Marmot, M., and Wilkinson RG., OUP.
Johnston, L.D., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., & Schulenberg, J.E. (2007). "Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2006". Volume I: Secondary school students (NIH Publication No. 07-6205). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 699 pp.
Johnston, L.D., O'Malley, P.M., Bachman, J.G., & Schulenberg, J.E. (2007). "Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2006". Volume I: Secondary school students (NIH Publication No. 07-6205). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 699 pp.
Kokkevi, A., Terzidou, M., Politikou, K., & Stefanis, C., (2000). "Substance use among high school students in Greece: outburst of illicit drug use in a society under change". Drug Alcohol Depend, 58(1-2): 181-8.
Kassel, J. D., Wardle, a. M., & Roberts, J. E. (2007). "Adult attachment security andcollege student substance use". Addictive Behaviors, 32, 1164–1176.
Kuntsche, E. N., & Silbereisen, R. K. (2004). "Parental closeness and adolescent substance use in single and two-parent families in Switzerland". Swiss Journal of Psychology, 63(2): 85-92.
Lauder, W., Mummery, K., Jones, M., & Caperchione, C. (2006). "A comparison of health behaviours in lonely and non-lonely populations. Psychology Health & Medicine, 11, 233–245.
Lantz, P. M. (2003). "Smoking on the rise among young adults: Implications for research and policy". Tobacco Control, 12(1):60-70.
Maisto, S.A., & Connors, G.J. (2006). "Relapse in the addictive behaviors: Integration and future directions". Clinical Psychology Review, 2, 229-231.
Moran, S., Wechsler, H., & Rigotti, N. A. (2004). "Social smoking among U.S. college students". Pediatrics, 114, 1028–1034.
McNally, A.M., Palfai, T.P., Levine, R.V., & Moore, B. M. (2003). "Attachment dimensions and drinking-related problems among young adults The mediational role of coping motives". Addict Behaviur, 28(6): 1115-27.
Malone, K.M., Waternaux, C., Haas, G.L. & et al. (2003). "Cigarette smoking, suicidal behavior, and serotonin function in major psychiatric disorders". American Journal Psychiatry. 160(4): 773-9.
Meredith, P., Ownsworth, & Strong, J. (2008). "A review of psychology presenting a conceptual model: The evidence linking adult attachment theory styles of adult". clinical thory and choronic pain, 280: 407-429.
Noorbala, A. A., Bagheri-Yazdi, S. A., & Mohammad, K. (2009). "The validation of General Health Questionaire-28 as a psychiatric screening tool". Hakim Journal. 11(4), 47-53.
Nichter, M., Nichter, M., Richardson, E. L., Flaherty, B., Carkoglu, A., & Taylor, T. (2006). "Gendered Dimensions of Smoking Among College Students". Journal of Adolescent Research, 21; 215.
Office of Applied Studies". (2006). Results from the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-30, DHHS Publication No. SMA 06-4194)". Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.
Olivier, D., Lubman, D. I., & Fraser, R. (2007). "Tobacco smoking within psychiatric inpatient settings". biopsychosocial perspective, 41(2): 572-580.
Page, R. M., & et al. (2008). "cigarette smoking and indicators of psychosocial distress in Southeast Asia and Central-Eastern Europe adolescencts". DRUG EDUCATION, Vol. 38(4) 307-328.
Qin, Z., Qiu-li, Z., Xiao-yue, Z., Hui, S., Hua, Y. & Rong-bin, Y. (2008). "Investigation of the relationship between smoking,drinking and mental health status of medical staff in comprehensive hospitals". Acta Universitatis Medicinalis Nanjing Natural Science, 2, 9.
Qian, J., Cai, M., Gao, J., Tang, S., Xu, L. & Critchley, J. A. (2003). "Trends in smoking and quitting in China from 1993 to 2003".
Refaat, A. (2004). "Practice and awareness of health riskbehavior among Egyptian university students". Eastern Mediteranian Health Journal, 10, 72-81.
Russell, D. W., Cutrona, C. E., de la Mora, A. & Wallace, R. B. (1997). "Loneliness and nursing home admission among rural older adults". Psychology and Aging, 12(4): 574-589.
Sajjan, B.S., Chacko, J. & Asha, K. (2003). "Smoking behaviour among arts student of a college in Mangalore, Dakshina Kannada". Indian J Med Sci, 57(7): 290-3.
Spoth, R.L., Guyll, M.. & Day, S. X. (2002). "Universal family-focused interventions in alcohol-use disorder prevention: Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses of two interventions". Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 63, 219-228.
Thorberg, F. & Lyvers, M. (2006). "Attachment, Fear of Intimacy and Differentiation of Self Among Clients in Substance Disorder Treatment Facilities". Addictive Behaviors, 31, (4): 732-737.
Williams, J.M. & Ziedonis, D. (2004). "Addressing tobacco among individuals with a mental illness or an addiction". Addictive Behaviours, 29, 1067-1083.
World Health Organization (2008). "The global tobacco crisis". (http://www. who.int/tobacco/mpower/en/, retrieved September 2008).
Ziedonis, D., Williams, J.M., & Smelson, D. (2003) "Serous mental illness and tobacco addiction: A model program to address this common but neglected issue". Am J Med Sci, 326 (4):230-223.