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Samane Ghadampour; Kourosh Amraei; Masoud Sadeghi
Abstract
Objective: Health anxiety, characterized by excessive worry about having a serious illness, leads to significant functional impairment. Its etiology involves complex cognitive-emotional mechanisms. This study proposes and tests a novel integrated mediation model to elucidate these pathways. We posit ...
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Objective: Health anxiety, characterized by excessive worry about having a serious illness, leads to significant functional impairment. Its etiology involves complex cognitive-emotional mechanisms. This study proposes and tests a novel integrated mediation model to elucidate these pathways. We posit that Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS)-deep-seated cognitive structures-predispose individuals to dysfunctional health interpretations. Building on schema and metacognitive theories, we hypothesize that EMS activate specific health-related metacognitive beliefs. These beliefs, in turn, are central in initiating maladaptive cognitive processes encapsulated by the Cognitive-Attentional Syndrome (CAS), which includes persistent worry, threat monitoring, and counterproductive coping, and its behavioral manifestation in online health-seeking, known as cyberchondria. Concurrently, emotion dysregulation is theorized to interact with and exacerbate these cognitive pathways, creating a vicious cycle that maintains health anxiety. The primary aim is to examine both direct and indirect associations between EMS and health anxiety, with health-related metacognitive beliefs, CAS, cyberchondria, and emotion dysregulation serving as sequential and parallel mediating variables. Testing this comprehensive model provides a holistic etiological framework for health anxiety, integrating predisposing vulnerabilities with maintaining factors. Confirmation of these pathways holds significant clinical implications, suggesting that effective interventions should target not only surface-level worries but also the underlying schemas,metacognitive beliefs, attentional processes, and emotion regulation strategies that perpetuate this debilitating condition. Method: This study employed a cross-sectional correlational design to examine the proposed model. The target population consisted of all single and married women aged 18 to 55 years in Tehran, Iran, with a clinically confirmed diagnosis of health anxiety, who had attended specialized or pain clinics at Shariati and Imam Khomeini Hospitals during the 2024 calendar year. A convenience sampling method was used to recruit an initial pool of 310 eligible participants. Following a comprehensive data screening procedure, which included checks for unengaged responding and multivariate outliers, data from 259 participants were retained for the final analysis, ensuring robust data quality. Participants completed a battery of validated self-report questionnaires, including: the Health Anxiety Inventory (HAI), the Schema Questionnaire—Short Form (YSQ-S3; Young, 2005), the Health-related Metacognitions Questionnaire (H-MCQ; Bailey & Wells, 2015), the Cognitive-Attentional Syndrome Scale (CAS-1; Wells., 2009), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Bjureberg et al,2016) and the Cyberchondria Severity Scale (McElroy et al., 2019). The hypothesized conceptual model, positing both direct and indirect pathways between early maladaptive schemas and health anxiety via multiple mediators, was tested using structural equation modeling (SEM). The analyses were conducted using two specialized statistical software packages, LISREL (version 8.80) and Mplus (version 7.4), to ensure the reliability and validity of the model fit indices and parameter estimates. Ethical approval for the study was obtained prior to data collection. Results: The structural equation modeling analysis revealed a differentiated pattern of significant and non-significant pathways within the hypothesized model. The following direct paths were not statistically significant: from the Vulnerability to Harm/Illness schema to Health Anxiety; from the Negativity/Pessimism schema to the Cognitive-Attentional Syndrome (CAS), Cyberchondria, and Health Anxiety; from the Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline schema to CAS; and from Emotion Dysregulation to Health Anxiety. All other specified paths demonstrated significant coefficients. Regarding direct effects, the Vulnerability to Harm/Illness schema exerted significant, strong positive effects on Health-related Metacognitive Beliefs (β=0.59), CAS (β=0.68), Emotion Dysregulation (β=0.43), and Cyberchondria (β=0.72). The Negativity/Pessimism schema had significant, moderate positive effects on Metacognitive Beliefs (β=0.29) and Emotion Dysregulation (β=0.21). Conversely, the Insufficient Self-Control/Self-Discipline schema showed a significant but weak negative direct effect on Health Anxiety (β=-0.14), as well as negative effects on Metacognitive Beliefs (β=-0.14) and Cyberchondria (β=-0.13),alongside a positive effect on Emotion Dysregulation (β=0.21). Crucially, the mediating variables-Health-related Metacognitive Beliefs (β=0.33), CAS (β=0.25), and Cyberchondria (β=0.39)-all had significant positive direct effects on Health Anxiety. Analysis of indirect effects using bootstrapping was pivotal. For the Vulnerability to Harm/Illness schema, all specific indirect pathways to Health Anxiety were significant: via Metacognitive Beliefs (β=.194), via CAS (β=.168), and via Cyberchondria (β=.277), resulting in a significant total indirect effect (β=.640). In stark contrast, for the Negativity/Pessimism schema, none of the specific indirect pathways (via Metacognitive Beliefs: β=.096; via CAS: β=.009; via Cyberchondria: β = .030) nor the total indirect effect (β=.135) reached statistical significance. Similarly, for the Insufficient Self-Control schema, all specific indirect paths and the total indirect effect (β=-.069) were non-significant.Conclusion: This study provides evidence for a model of health anxiety, elucidating the pathways through which early maladaptive schemas contribute to the disorder. The findings demonstrate a direct effect of the insufficient self-control schema and an indirect effect of the vulnerability to harm schema, mediated by metacognitive processes and cyberchondria. These results advance our understanding of the underlying mechanisms of health anxiety.The results indicate that health anxiety is not a linear outcome of schema activation but rather the end product of a complex cognitive chain. Schemas require specific mediating factors namely, dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs and cyberchondric behaviors to manifest as clinical health anxiety symptoms. Consequently, therapeutic interventions for health anxiety, particularly in individuals with these schemas, should prioritize restructuring maladaptive metacognitive beliefs, modifying attentional biases, and reducing excessive online health-seeking behaviors (cyberchondria). Targeting these mediating processes is crucial for mitigating the influence of core cognitive schemas on the development and maintenance of health anxiety.
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Pourandokht Niroumand; Mahnaz Aliakbari Dehkordi; Nazanin Abed; Ahmad Alipour
Abstract
Objective: Intimacy is conceptualized as the capacity for self-awareness in the presence of others, driven by a motivation to cultivate meaningful social integration. Given its pivotal role in psychological well-being, this study aims to elucidate the lived experiences of intimacy among resilient ...
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Objective: Intimacy is conceptualized as the capacity for self-awareness in the presence of others, driven by a motivation to cultivate meaningful social integration. Given its pivotal role in psychological well-being, this study aims to elucidate the lived experiences of intimacy among resilient Iranian women who have recovered from COVID-19. Method: Employing a descriptive phenomenological approach, Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 Iranian women after reaching theoretical saturation. The purposive sampling method is criterion-based to select individuals who have real-life experience with the phenomenon in question. Participants were women who had recovered from COVID-19 and scored above 85 on the SPF-24 resilience scale. Interview transcripts were analyzed using Colaizzi’s seven-step method include Familiarization, identifying significant statements, formulating meanings, clustering themes, Developing an Exhaustive description, Producing the fundamental structure, and Seeking verification of the fundamental structure. Results: The participants conceptualized intimacy through three main themes—deep emotional connection, intimate physical and sexual interaction, and mutual understanding and coordination in daily matters—along with nine subthemes and 95 initial codes. They employed strategies such as conflict management and problem-solving, maintaining individual autonomy within the relationship, adaptability to change, balancing work and life, social support, strengthening spirituality and shared values, humor, and recreational activities. These
strategies contributed to outcomes including marital satisfaction, trust and empathy, personal autonomy and empowerment, high-quality sexual relations, effective conflict resolution, joint decision-making, psychological security, a positive environment for children's development, happiness, and overall life satisfaction. To verify the reliability of the analysis process, the Holst reliability coefficient, which is a formula for determining the reliability of nominal data in terms of the percentage of agreement observed between the main researcher and another coding researcher, was used. PAO (Percentage Agreement over Observations) For the first theme (deep emotional connection), it is 0.864, for the second theme (intimate physical and sexual interaction), it is 0.883, and for the third theme (mutual understanding and coordination in daily), it is 0.865 and for all three themes of this study, it is 0.870, which confirmed the reliability of the analysis process.
Conclusion: The results of the lived experiences of the meaning of intimacy of resilient Iranian women recovered from Corona in three subjects: 1) Deep Emotional Connection, comprising subthemes of emotional security, empathy and mutual understanding, and trust and honesty;2) intimate physical and sexual interaction comprising subthemes of satisfying and reciprocal sexual relations, affectionate and non-sexual touches, and maintaining personal and physical dignity and boundaries and 3) mutual understanding and coordination in daily matters including three sub-themes: cooperation in home and family affairs, effective interaction in decision-making, and effective conflict resolution indicative three type of intimacy is their emotional, sexual, understanding, and empathy. These findings can be used to empower therapists and couples therapy researchers and teaching marital relationship strategies used by these women, including constructive problem-oriented and emotion-oriented strategies such as "conflict management and problem solving" and "maintaining individual independence in the relationship", marital satisfaction, trust and empathy, personal independence and empowerment, quality sexual relationships, and a positive environment for children to grow.
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Minoo Irani; Hossein Zare; Mohammad Oraki; Ezatallah Kordmirza Nikoozadeh; Amin Rafieipoor
Abstract
Objective: One of the autoimmune diseases is Systematic Lupus Erythematosus (SLLE) (Riaz et al., 2022). Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting multiple systems and organs at different times and incurring extensive damage to the patient (Chen et al., 2022). Lupus can affect various aspects of ...
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Objective: One of the autoimmune diseases is Systematic Lupus Erythematosus (SLLE) (Riaz et al., 2022). Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting multiple systems and organs at different times and incurring extensive damage to the patient (Chen et al., 2022). Lupus can affect various aspects of patients' lives and their psychological and physical health and lead to impairing their quality of life (Hanly et al., 2019). The study done by Wang et al. (2022) in a group of lupus patients reported that the majority of patients expressed problems such as feelings of depression, anxiety and psychological distress, stress and inability to accept changes in mental image. The results of the research by Hanley et al. (2022) indicated that lupus, with its effects on the central nervous system, brings about significant psychological distress and anxiety in such patients. By reviewing the research cases performed in this area, psychological interventions on this disease can improve the secondary disease relevant symptoms and even help with biological therapies for individuals (Irani et al. 2019, Nabi et al. 2020, Oreki et al. 2021). Consistent with psychological interventions, one of such interventions is compassion-focused therapy(CFT), which has appealed modern therapists for unique diseases (Rezaei et al. 2021). Another intervention run among the affected patients is acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT). The aspects under the influence of SLE, which are one of its most important aspects, are often overlooked and little research has been done on it, and considering domestic research, few studies have been conducted on psychological interventions in SLE suffering patients. Pursuant to the performed studies, the effectiveness of compassion-focused therapy in the patients with lupus has not been much studied. On the other hand, in the performed studies, the component of social acceptance in SLE patients has received less attention and improving social acceptance in such patients requires training. As a result, it seems that concentrating on the patient's own psychological issues (such as reducing or controlling stress, focusing on their self-care, and social acceptance) is one of the best treatment methods for the patient. Regarding the above stated statements, the current study was developed and implemented targeting to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy training and a compassion-focused therapy on enhancing the psychological, social and biological indicators in the patients with systematic lupus erythematosus(SLE) in public hospitals covered by Tehran University of Medical Sciences. Method: This study was applied in terms of goal and experimental in terms of method with a pre-and post-test design, a control group and a two-month follow-up. Once the research topic was selected and approved and the relevant code of ethics (IR.PNU.REC.1403. 666) and the due permits were granted by the authorities, 45 patients who referred to the hospital were interviewed with their consent, and this interview was held in a separate room for convenience and thanks to the relevant authorities. In the interview, all the conditions of the subjects were checked according to the pre-designed items and the relevant questionnaires were handed to them simultaneously for being completed. Next, the subjects were randomly assigned to three 15-person groups, including the experimental groups (the ACT and CFT training and the control group) by drawing lots. Subsequently, the subjects in the two experimental groups attended eight 90-minute sessions of acceptance and commitment therapy(ACT) and compassion-focused therapy(CFT), while the control group did not undergo training during the intervention and were merely in the consultation sessions with their therapist. Finally, all three experimental and control groups took the post-test. Results: The results of one-way ANOVA in the psychological and social indicators in the two groups based on CFT and ACT indicated a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of post-test and considering the effect of time in the variables of depression (P<0.001, F=41.95, η2=0.666), anxiety (P<0.001, F=44.38, η2=0.679) and quality of life (P<0.001, F=110.342, η2=0.840). The results of one-way ANOVA with repeated measures in the psychological and social indicators in the two groups based on CFT and ACT revealed a statistically meaningful difference between the mean scores of post-test and considering the effect of time in the variables of depression (P<0.001, F=28.42, η2=0.668), anxiety (P<0.001, F=38.42, η2=0.759), and quality of life (P<0.001, F=35.124η2=0.856). pursuant to results of the Cochrane’s Q test, a tangible difference was observed between the three groups in terms of Antinuclear Antibody (ANA) Test immediately after the intervention (Mean rank = 1.83, p=0.0001). Conclusion: The present study was done to compare the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment-based therapy and compassion-focused therapy on enhancing the biological, psychological and social indicators in female patients with SLE in Tehran. The findings displayed that both training methods were effective in improving the psychological, social and biological indicators of women with lupus and no significant difference was reported between these two educational methods. Overall, it indicated that acceptance and commitment therapy and compassion-focused therapy were equally effective on the biological, psychological and social indicators of the SLE suffering women. This result can demonstrate the key role of interventions such as ACT-based and CFT in enhancing the biological, psychological and social indicators. This finding can be a basis for developing educational programs for the women with lupus and can also help psychologists and counselors to use this educational plan to promote women's health. Like any other research, this study has its own limitations, which include short-term follow-up of the effect of the implemented educational program, small sample size, data collection through questionnaires, and failure to hold a follow-up phase due to lack of access to patients living in different regions. Therefore, it is recommended to conduct follow-up periods to address the effect of this intervention during a long-term period and to add others.
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Narjes Ameri; Mahmoud Najafi
Abstract
Objective: Motivation and readiness to change are critical first steps in preventing relapse into substance dependence. Given the importance of assessing an individual’s motivation to change before initiating any intervention for substance abuse or dependency, it is imperative to understand the ...
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Objective: Motivation and readiness to change are critical first steps in preventing relapse into substance dependence. Given the importance of assessing an individual’s motivation to change before initiating any intervention for substance abuse or dependency, it is imperative to understand the potential factors that influence readiness to change in affected individuals. Mindfulness can be considered one of the factors influencing readiness to change. It is defined as the awareness of internal and external experiences without judgment, an openness to both positive and negative experiences, and the acceptance of painful experiences. Striving to compensate for inferiority and decentralization can be considered a factor influencing readiness to change in individuals with substance abuse or dependence. While substantial research has examined mindfulness in individuals with substance abuse issues, there is a limited exploration of how mindfulness intersect with the drive to compensate for feelings of inferiority and decentralization and readiness to change in this population. This study aims to address this gap by investigating the relationships among decentralization, mindfulness, striving to compensate for inferiority, and readiness to change in individuals with substance abuse. Incorporating novel psychotherapy interventions alongside traditional methods and pharmacotherapy may significantly enhance readiness to change among individuals with substance dependency. Should the proposed model be validated, it could inform the development of a targeted inter ventional protocol to increase readiness to change in substance abusers. Method: This research uses a descriptive, correlational approach and has a structural equation modeling. The statistical population consisted of substance-dependent patients undergoing methadone treatment referring in 2024 to addiction treatment centers in Shahrood. To this end, 312 individuals volunteered to participate. Data were collected using the Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale Miller & Tonigan (1997), Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire Baer et al (2006), Experiences Questionnaire Fresco et al (2007) and the Striving to Avoid Inferiority Scale Gilbert et al (2007). The analysis of the data was carried out using the Pearson correlation test and structural equation modeling by SPSS 26 and AMOS 24 software. InstrumentsThe Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES): The SOCRATES has 19 items, with scores ranging from 19 to 95; a higher score indicates greater motivation and enthusiasm for change. In the present study, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.91 was achieved. Five Factor Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ): The FFMQ has 39 items, with scores ranging from 35 to 195; a higher score indicates greater Mindfulness. In the present study, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.88 was achieved. Experiences Questionnaire (EQ): The EQ has 11 items, with scores ranging from 11 to 55; a higher score indicates greater decentralization. In the present study, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.86 was achieved. Striving to Avoid Inferiority Scale (SAIS): The SAIS has 31 items, with scores ranging from 0 to 124. In the present study, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.90 was achieved. Results: Prior to conducting path analysis, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test confirmed normality assumptions. Given that structural equation analysis relies on Pearson correlation coefficients derived from the sample correlation matrix, it is noteworthy that all correlations reached statistical significance (P<0.01). Furthermore, results pertaining to fit indices indicated the model's satisfactory alignment with the data in this study. According to the results, mindfulness have a positive relationship with readiness to change in individuals with substance abuse (P < 0.001 and β = 0.276).Also, the direct effect of mindfulness on decentralization (β = 0.416) and avoidance of inferiority (β = 0.468) was positive, and the effect of decentralization (β = 0.237) and avoidance of inferiority (β = 0.403) on willingness and readiness for treatment was also positive and significant at the level of (P < 0.001). Overall, the results showed that the model had a good fit.As per Table 1, the Bootstrap test results reveal a significant mediating role of decentralization and feelings of inferiority in the relationship between mindfulness with readiness and eagerness for treatment (P < 0.001 and β=0.287). Conclusion: It is inferred from the findings of this study that increase in mindfulness leads to greater awareness of thoughts, behaviors, and feelings, which in turn fosters acceptance of failures and motivates individuals with substance abuse to compensate for these failures. Striving to compensate for feelings of inferiority increases motivation to change in substance abusers, and if this effort is accompanied by mindfulness and decentralization, there is a greater expectation for change. Feelings of inferiority, stemming from negative childhood experiences, play an important role in individuals’ tendency to abuse drugs and develop addiction; Nevertheless, while interventions aimed at overcoming feelings of inferiority and adopting the Adlerian perspective as a holistic treatment can be effective in treating individuals with substance abuse, it would be beneficial for these interventions to incorporate a focus on mindfulness and decentralization. Additionally, an increase in mindfulness leads to greater awareness of thoughts, behaviors, and feelings, which in turn fosters acceptance of failures and motivates individuals with substance abuse to compensate for these failures.
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Yasamim Mehrzad; Nasrin Bagheri; Mina Mojtabaie
Abstract
Objective: Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers among women worldwide, affecting millions of people, with 2.3 million new cases (one in four new cancer cases) and leading to cancer-related deaths among the female population, with 685,000 cancer deaths (one in six deaths) reported ...
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Objective: Breast cancer is one of the most common and deadly cancers among women worldwide, affecting millions of people, with 2.3 million new cases (one in four new cancer cases) and leading to cancer-related deaths among the female population, with 685,000 cancer deaths (one in six deaths) reported in 2020. After lung cancer, breast cancer is the most common cause of death in women globally. The disease, due to its nature and the fact that the breast is a symbol of femininity, holds emotional significance for all affected women; therefore, being diagnosed with breast cancer causes psychological distress. The purpose of the present study was to investigate structural equation modeling of psychological distress based on self-compassion, with the mediating role of negative body image in married women with breast cancer. Method: This was descriptive-correlational research. The statistical population of the study was women with breast cancer in Kerman city during the summer of 2024. The sample size was selected based on Klein's model (2023) and involved convenience sampling of 400 women. Data collection tools included the psychological distress scale (K-10) by Kessler et al. (2003), the short form of the self-compassion scale (SF-SCS) by Raes et al. (2011), and the body image concern inventory (BICI) by Littleton et al. (2005). Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modeling. The data analysis software was SPSS and AMOS version 28. Results: The results showed a direct effect of self-compassion (β = -0.66, sig = 0.001) on psychological distress, which is significant. The results also indicated that negative body image has a significant mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion (β = -0.71, sig = 0.001) and psychological distress. Additionally, the final research model demonstrated a good fit (RMSEA = 0.06, p < 0.05), explaining 97% of the variance in psychological distress. Conclusion: In explaining the results, it can be said that those who lack self-compassion and are unkind to themselves also have a negative view of their bodies when they are ill. Body image refers to the complex psychological relationship with one's body, which focuses mainly, but not exclusively, on one's physical appearance. It includes a person's perceptions and attitudes about their body, encompassing a wide range of thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and behaviors related to the body. Body image issues can also stem from social standards that emphasize vitality, physical beauty, and fitness. As a result, the removal of part of the breast (lumpectomy), the entire affected breast (mastectomy), or both breasts (double mastectomy) may be interpreted as an indicator of failure. Patients who have undergone surgery to remove a cancerous tumor in the breast must adapt to changes in body structure, function, and image at the physical, social, and psychological levels, which can lead to increased levels of psychological distress. Therefore, it is logical to say that negative body image can play a mediating role in the relationship between self-compassion and psychological distress in women with breast cancer. According to the findings of this research and the roles of self-compassion and negative body image in psychological distress in women with breast cancer, it is suggested that the results of this study be used to reduce psychological distress in this population.
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Fatemeh Eisazadeh; Isaac Rahimian-Boogar
Abstract
Objective: Diabetes is the most common chronic metabolic disease in worldwide with high financial and human costs; therefore, it was important to investigate the factors affecting the quality of life related to diabetes and fasting blood sugar levels. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study ...
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Objective: Diabetes is the most common chronic metabolic disease in worldwide with high financial and human costs; therefore, it was important to investigate the factors affecting the quality of life related to diabetes and fasting blood sugar levels. Therefore, the main purpose of the present study is to determine the structural relationship between psychodynamic conflicts and mentalization with quality of life and fasting blood sugar levels in people with diabetes, with the mediating role of diabetes acceptance. Method: The present study was a retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study with structural equation modeling. The statistical population was all diabetics who referred to the Iranian Diabetes Association in Tehran in the first half of 2024. Using research instruments, 511 participants were enrolled in the study based on a convenience sampling method. Based on the formula Q15 > n > Q5, the minimum sample size was calculated to be 240 people, and the maximum was 720 people. Therefore, the researchers deemed a sample size of 500 people to be appropriate. Due to the possibility of attrition, 530 questionnaires were distributed, and 523 questionnaires were completed, of which only 511 were suitable for inclusion in the study. The inclusion criteria for the study were: willingness to participate in the research, diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 diabetes, and referral to the Iranian Diabetes Association in the first half of first half of 2024. The exclusion criteria were: unwillingness to continue participating in the research and incomplete completion of questionnaires. The data were analyzed using two statistical software packages, SPSS - 26 and AMOS - 26. The research tools consisted a Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) test, and a form for collecting demographic information. To collect data, the second edition of the Psychodynamic Conflicts Questionnaire (2020), the Revised Mentalization Questionnaire by Horvath et al. (2023), the Diabetes-Related Quality of Life Questionnaire by Burroughs et al. (2004), and the Iranian version of the Diabetes Acceptance Scale (2022) were used. Results: In this study, 511 individuals participated, with 232 (45.4%) being male and 279 (54.6%) being female. The age range of all participants was 15 to 80 years. Furthermore, 184 individuals (36%) had type 1 diabetes, and 327 individuals (64%) had type 2 diabetes. Therefore, the majority of the study sample consisted of individuals with type 2 diabetes, which seems entirely logical given its higher prevalence. Also, after collecting data and analyzing them in a descriptive and inferential form and presenting the model using statistical software, the results indicated that the proposed structural model has a good fit and the predictor and mediating variables have a significant direct (P<0/05) and indirect effect (through the mediating variable) on the criterion variables. In other words, the t-values (or critical ratios) for all direct paths were above ±1.96, indicating the significance of all direct effects of the study variables. Bootstrap results showed that all indirect paths, mediated by the diabetes acceptance variable for diabetes, were statistically significant. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, it seems that targeting the components of psychodynamic conflicts, mentalization, and diabetes acceptance in relation to quality of life related to diabetes and fasting blood sugar levels can be effective in people with diabetes. Encouraging patients to confront their intrapsychic conflicts and enhance mentalization (as part of their treatment), along with utilizing constructive coping strategies for their mental health, can be effective in improving diabetes-related quality of life and fasting blood glucose levels. Furthermore, this approach enables diabetic patients to achieve greater acceptance of their condition, which can lead to increased engagement in the treatment process and, ultimately, improved diabetes management and control.
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Ahmad Mansouri; Danial Joqratian; Armin Elahi
Abstract
Objective: Non-suicidal self-injury refers to the intentional self-inflicted damage to the body surface without suicidal intent. This behavior is one of the major concerns of mental health professionals in the world and is also one of the disorders that needs more study. Many biological, psychological ...
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Objective: Non-suicidal self-injury refers to the intentional self-inflicted damage to the body surface without suicidal intent. This behavior is one of the major concerns of mental health professionals in the world and is also one of the disorders that needs more study. Many biological, psychological and social factors can be related to this behavior. However less attention has been paid to physical and psychological factors related to it. Therefore, the main aim of this study was to investigate the physical and psychological correlates of non-suicidal self-injury in students. Method: This study is fundamental in terms of purpose and descriptive-correlation in terms of method. Its statistical population of this research included all the undergraduate and graduate students of the Islamic Azad University of Neyshabur branch in the academic year of 2023. A number of 200 students who were selected by convenience sampling method formed the research sample. To collect data, deliberate self-harm inventory (Gratz, 2001), body mass index, dysmorphic concerns questionnaire (Oosthuizen, Lambert & Castle, 1998) and body image shame scale (Duarte, Pinto-Gouveia, Ferreira et al., 2015) were used. Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation, stepwise regression analysis and significance level of 0.05. Results: The mean and standard deviation of the participants' age was 25.08 and 8.39. The results showed that there are significant positive relationship between dysmorphic concern and body shame and its components (externalized and internalized shame) with non-suicidal self-injury (p < 0.01), but there is no significant relationship between weight and body mass index with non-suicidal self-injury (p <0.05). The results of stepwise regression analysis showed that weight, body mass index, dysmorphic concern and internal shame do not predict (p >0.05), but external shame predicts it (p <0.05). In other word, external shame alone explains 14% of the variance of non-suicidal self-injury. Conclusion: The results of the present study show the role and importance of psychological factors such as dysmorphic concern and body shame in non-suicidal self-injury. The psychological factors, especially external shame plays a more important role in predicting this behavior. Paying attention to this factor or perception of negative judgments about the self in the mind of others can be important in developing pathological, educational and therapeutic models. On the other hand, use of therapies that emphasize the construct of shame (compassion therapy or compassion-focused therapy) may play an important role in reducing this type of shame and subsequently reducing non-suicidal self-injury. Future researches can investigate the effectiveness of such therapeutic and educational approaches on non-suicidal self-injury.
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maryam karimi; Sara Ghorbani
Abstract
Objective: Over the past decade, the prevalence of diabetes has increased, especially in adolescents. On the other hand, adolescents with diabetes have difficulty controlling blood sugar, and controlling diabetes and taking care of themselves during adolescence is a challenge. Self-care is a set of spontaneous ...
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Objective: Over the past decade, the prevalence of diabetes has increased, especially in adolescents. On the other hand, adolescents with diabetes have difficulty controlling blood sugar, and controlling diabetes and taking care of themselves during adolescence is a challenge. Self-care is a set of spontaneous activities that are consciously and consciously carried out by the patient in order to understand the conditions and factors affecting them and to adopt a positive and specific attitude towards themselves and their disease. This disease has many negative effects on the mental health and quality of life of the affected person and their family. In fact, what happens within the family and the interaction between parents and children can be a key factor in creating resilience and reducing current and future risk associated with adverse events and inappropriate conditions. By equipping itself with problem-solving skills, the family can promote the health of its members and act as a mechanism against factors that harm the health of its members. Problem solving is a conscious, rational, and purposeful activity that enables adolescents to identify various possibilities around them when faced with conflicts and controllable events and use them to make appropriate decisions and solve problems. In this regard, adolescent emotional autonomy is one of the crises of adolescence that most parents are involved with their children. In this regard, Chia-Ying Chen et al. (2020) found that high emotional autonomy is significantly associated with poor management of diabetes control. Therefore, the present study aims to answer the research question of whether social support plays a mediating role in predicting self-care based on problem-solving skills, parent-child relationships, and emotional independence? Method: The statistical population of the study included all adolescents in Isfahan who were diagnosed with diabetes in 2017 according to clinical diagnoses. Questionnaires were purposefully distributed among 149 adolescents with diabetes. In order to collect data, the Diabetes Self-Care Questionnaire (Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities), the Standard Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (MSPSS), the Revised Social Problem-Solving Questionnaire (SPSI-R), the Parent-Child Relationship Assessment Questionnaire (PCRS), and the Stenberg and Silverberg Emotional Independence Questionnaire were used. Results: After collecting data and analyzing them descriptively and inferentially and presenting the model using statistical software, the results obtained indicated that social support in the dimensions of family, parent-child relationship, and emotional independence, as well as problem-solving skills in the dimensions of negative, impulsive, and avoidant strategies, played a role in the self-care of adolescents with diabetes in Isfahan (p<0.05). Also, the results of the path analysis showed that social support plays a mediating role in predicting self-care based on problem-solving skills with an effect size of 0.22 and parent-child relationship with an effect size of 0.18. Conclusion: Explaining the present findings, it can be stated that today, the analysis of diseases is not limited to biomedical factors, and a wide network of social factors, known as social determinants of health or factors affecting health, has gained a more prominent dimension in the scope and quality of health and disease. People with stronger problem-solving skills are naturally more capable of facing everyday challenges and finding appropriate solutions to their problems. However, the presence of social support from family, friends, and society can strengthen these skills. Also, social support resulting from the parent-child relationship increases the sense of belonging and acceptance in the individual and helps the individual to implement self-care behaviors (such as healthy eating, exercise, stress management, and adherence to medical recommendations) well in their lives.
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Hengameh Boloorsaz Mashhadi; Eisa Jafari; Ali Moghadamzadeh
Abstract
Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the chronic diseases that affects various aspects of human life in old age and causes many problems, physical disabilities and negative psychological consequences. Therefore, it is important to investigate and identify educational and therapeutic protocols to ...
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Objective: Rheumatoid arthritis is one of the chronic diseases that affects various aspects of human life in old age and causes many problems, physical disabilities and negative psychological consequences. Therefore, it is important to investigate and identify educational and therapeutic protocols to reduce psychosocial problems in elderly people. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on anxiety sensitivity, pain perception and emotion management in elderly women with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Method: The method of the current research was, semi-experimental with pre-post-test design, two experimental and control groups. The statistical population included all elderly women with Rheumatoid Arthritis who referred to Milad Hospital`s clinical centers in Tehran (1401). 28 people were selected by available sampling method and randomly assigned to two groups of 14 people. Consent and desire to participate, 60 years and older age range, gender (female) and ability to participate in treatment sessions were the inclusion criteria for the research. Individual's lack of consent and desire to cooperate, suffering from psychiatric disorders, receiving other psychological interventions at the same time or in the last 6 months were the exclusion criteria. Acceptance and commitment therapy was implemented according to Hayes and Strossal (2013) treatment protocol. This procedure was conducted with the aim of improving the psychological conditions of participants during 8 sessions of each 90 minutes (1.5 hours). The control group, did not receive any interventions. Data were collected by Anxiety Sensitivity Questionnaire (Peterson and Reiss, 1992), Standard Pain Intensity Questionnaire (Quebec et al., 1995) and Emotion Regulation difficulty Questionnaire (Gratz & Roemer, 2004). In order to analyze the data, independent and paired t-tests of multivariate analysis of covariance were used by SPSS/26 statistical software. Results: The results of the research showed that the mean score of anxiety sensitivity in the experimental group in the post-test stage had a significant difference compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, the analysis of covariance showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean score of perceived pain intensity and emotional management of the two groups in the post-test stage (P<0.05). It can be said that Acceptance and Commitment therapy has reduced anxiety sensitivity and pain perception, as well as emotional management in elderly women with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Conclusion: The results indicated that Acceptance and Commitment Therapy is effective in reducing anxiety sensitivity, pain perception and emotion management of elderly women suffering Rheumatoid Arthritis. According to the obtained results, it is suggested, professionals who involve in the field of elderly mental health should provide the necessary platform for improving the mental health of these people. which it can be done by reducing the level of anxiety sensitivity and pain perception and emotion management. The results of this research can provide practical implications for therapists to reduce the patients emotional-behavioral problems who suffer Rheumatoid Arthritis, especially in elderly women. It must be said that these therapies would be effective along with drug therapy.
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zahra ghanbari
Abstract
Objective: Dyspepsia causes psychological problems and chronic pain in people. To solve these problems, interventions such as cognitive therapy based on mindfulness are needed. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on cognitive ...
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Objective: Dyspepsia causes psychological problems and chronic pain in people. To solve these problems, interventions such as cognitive therapy based on mindfulness are needed. The present study was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of cognitive therapy based on mindfulness on cognitive flexibility and chronic pain in dyspepsia patients. Method: The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group and a two-month follow-up phase. The statistical population of the study included all patients up to 50 years of age diagnosed with indigestion without ulcers in the specialized and sub-specialized clinic of Besat of city of Kerman in 2022. Among them, 30 people were selected as the sample of the study by available sampling method and were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 people) and control group (15 people). The people of the experimental group received cognitive therapy based on mindfulness in 8 sessions of 90 minutes in a group. The questionnaires used in this research include the Cognitive Flexibility Questionnaire of Dennis and Vanderwaal (2010) and the McGill Pain Questionnaire (2010). 2009). The research data was analyzed by mixed analysis of variance and Benferroni post hoc test by SPSS-24 software. Results: The results showed that the average scores of cognitive flexibility and its components, including: alternatives, control and exploitation, of people in the experimental group increased in the post-test and follow-up stages compared to the pre-test. Is. Also, the average scores of chronic pain and its components, including: physical-sensual, emotional-emotional and cognitive-evaluative, of the people of the experimental group in the post-test and follow-up phase have decreased compared to the pre-test (0.001) P < ). Pairwise comparison showed that there is a significant difference between the average scores of the pre-test, post-test and follow-up stages in the variables of cognitive flexibility and chronic pain and their components. This means that the cognitive therapy based on mindfulness has been able to significantly change the post-test scores and follow-up variables of cognitive flexibility and chronic pain, their components compared to the pre-test stage. Another finding of this table showed that there is no significant difference between the average scores of the post-exam stage and follow-up. This finding can be explained by the fact that the scores of variables of cognitive flexibility and chronic pain of their components in patients with dyspepsia, which had undergone a significant change in the post-test phase, were able to change this change during Keep the follow-up period. Conclusion: Cognitive therapy helps dyspepsia patients by changing their behaviors, feelings, attitudes and beliefs, replacing irrational beliefs and non-adaptive behaviors with realism, sense of efficacy and increased activity, thus increasing flexibility, help in cognition and reducing the intensity of pain. Cognitive therapy based on mindfulness was effective and efficient in increasing cognitive flexibility and reducing chronic pain in dyspepsia patients.
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Somayyeh Esmaili; Mansooreh Nikoogoftar; seddigheh yaghoobi; raziye nazari
Abstract
Objective: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the most psychologically affecting cancer among women all over the world. This disease has profound effects on women's various functions in life and causes deep emotional and emotional problems in them. The purpose of this research was to investigate ...
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Objective: Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the most psychologically affecting cancer among women all over the world. This disease has profound effects on women's various functions in life and causes deep emotional and emotional problems in them. The purpose of this research was to investigate the mediating role of coping strategies and resilience in the relationship between stressful life events and positive and negative emotions in women with breast cancer. Method: The current research project is a correlational study. The statistical population included all women with breast cancer who referred to the breast clinic of Ibn Sina Hospital in Tehran in 2019-2019. A total of 217 people were included in the study using available sampling method. In order to collect research data, Lazarus and Folkman (1985) Coping Questionnaire, Connor-Davidson Resilience Questionnaire (2003), Khodayari Fard's Stressful Life Events Questionnaire (2016), and Watson's Positive and Negative Affect Questionnaire (1988) were used. Data analysis was done with SPSS and AMOS software. Path analysis was used to investigate the mediating effect of each of the variables of coping and emotional strategies and resilience on positive and negative emotions. Results: Resilience and coping skills had a significant mediating role between stressful life events and positive and negative emotions. Based on the fitted model (GFI=0.93, CFI=0.920, CMIN/DF=5.4), about 88% of changes in positive affect and 29% of changes in negative affect were explained by predictor variables entered into the model. . The indirect relationship of stressful life events through coping strategies with positive emotion (z = -7.03, β = -0.193)and with negative emotion (z = 4.73, z = 166, 0.001) β = 0.00) was statistically significant. In other words, stressful life events had a negative and indirect relationship with positive emotion, and a positive and indirect relationship with negative emotion. Also, the indirect relationship of stressful life events through emotional strategies with positive affect (z = -6.57, β = -0.168) and with negative affect (z = 3.27, 0.001) β = 0.093) was statistically significant. In other words, stressful life events through emotional coping strategies had a negative and indirect relationship with positive emotion, and a positive and indirect relationship with negative emotion. In addition, the indirect relationship of stressful life events through resilience with positive affect (z = -5.36, β = -0.199) and with negative affect (z = -0.002, 3.02) z, β = 0.07) was statistically significant. In other words, stressful life events through resilience had a negative and indirect relationship with positive emotion, and a positive and indirect relationship with negative emotion. Conclusion: Stress management training in women with cancer is very important and training them to use appropriate coping strategies to reduce negative emotions is an important step. Also, educational interventions regarding the promotion of resilience skills after primary cancer treatment are necessary.
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sahar ehsani; hadi bahrami ehsan; azam noferesti
Abstract
Objective: Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake disorder was added as a new disorder to DSM-5 in 2013 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). ARFID is a disorder consisting of three distinct and non-exclusive states: (a) selectivity of foods based on sensory characteristics (e.g., food neophobia), (b) ...
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Objective: Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake disorder was added as a new disorder to DSM-5 in 2013 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). ARFID is a disorder consisting of three distinct and non-exclusive states: (a) selectivity of foods based on sensory characteristics (e.g., food neophobia), (b) limited interest in eating or lack of appetite., desire and (c) fear of bad consequences for eating such as choking, vomiting, or gastrointestinal pain. From an etiological perspective, recent literature in the field of developmental psychopathology framework has emphasized that ARFID is a serious problem in childhood that may be associated with psychological factors such as problems in the child, his mother, as well as low quality of parent-child feeding interaction. In the field of ARFID disorder, it was shown in the study of nutritional interaction that the mother-child couple has specific problems in the fields related to creating a joint activity, interactive mistakes and solving them during the activities, family intimacy, emotional experience of the child and participation. Children had self-regulation (Losserli et al., 2017). Dysfunctional family interactions are a critical issue that emphasizes the importance of detailed diagnostic evaluation in order to target effective treatment. The family drawing test as a useful method allows the specialist to gain children's understanding and awareness of themselves and their parents. Family drawing is considered as an optional tool for examining children's mental representation of attachment to parents and interaction with them, along with the concepts of developmental psychology. Method: The basic issue is investigating the relationship between the components of mother-child interaction in children with avoidant/restrictive eating disorder and the drawing signs of the family drawing test. The statistical population of this research was children aged 4 to 7 years old in Tehran who visited health centers and were diagnosed with ARFID based on DSM-5 criteria. The symptoms of these people were confirmed by the nutritionist and doctor of health centers. After identifying the study subjects under the supervision of experts and confirming the symptoms of ARFID disorder, mother and child interactions were analyzed using family drawings. ARFID symptoms were assessed in these children using the nine-item Parental Screening Scale for Restrictive/Avoidant Eating Disorder (NIAS-PR). The original version has been translated into Persian for the current study and has been approved by psychology professors. After that, the child's parent questionnaire was given to the mother to complete and the child was asked to draw a picture of the family. Also, variables related to family, pregnancy and newborn were measured separately. Results: The symptoms of ARFID disorder were investigated in these children and the results showed that 83% of these children have severe to moderate weight loss and 3 children had normal weight, which has been shown in other studies. In addition, sensitivity to smell and sensitivity to food texture were 61% and 66%, respectively. Also, the two main symptoms of decreased appetite and avoidance of food in these children were 83 and 72%. In the next step, children's drawings were evaluated and coded. In fact, based on Kaplan and Main's (1986) and Fury's (1996) checklists, the semiotics of interaction elements in the painting were examined and then a coding checklist was prepared. The children's drawings were examined based on the prepared checklist and the frequency of the determined codes was determined based on that. The results of the research showed that the relationship between mother-child conflict and exclusion of mother, exclusion of father and exclusion of siblings is positive and significant; This means that the higher the conflict between the mother and the child, the more the child excludes his mother, father or siblings in his drawing. Also, the relationship between the conflict between mother and child and the right to give priority in painting was positive and meaningful; In fact, the child is more likely to paint himself first (in fact, the only member of the family who is painted is the child himself). The two factors of mother's exclusion and father's exclusion had a significant negative relationship with mother-child closeness, in the sense that the less intimate the relationship between mother and child is, the more mother-father exclusion occurs. Finally, the child's dependence on the mother, which was a negative factor in the mother-child interaction, had a significant positive relationship with the removal of the father and the removal of siblings. Conclusion: Dysfunctional family interactions are a critical issue identified for diagnostic evaluation to determine treatment. One of the practical tools that can be used in the study of the child's problems is drawing the family, because the family is the child's world and it shows the problems in the family's problems and behaviors with him in the drawing. In this research, it was shown that the factors related to the mother-child conflict can be seen in children's drawings with the consumption of restrictive-distancing food.Among these factors, I can mention the removal of the mother, the removal of the father, the removal of siblings, not painting the painting, prioritizing oneself in the painting, which was in line with the researches of Prokasia et al. (2014) and Leon et al. (2007). The results of the study by Balaruto et al. (2021) showed that there is a significant relationship between the quality of mother and toddler nutrition interaction and children's weight. Underweight children showed less demand for independence and cooperation than normal weight children. In addition, mothers of underweight children were less sensitive than mothers of normal-weight children to toddlers' cues that they wanted to stop interacting and demands for autonomy. In this research, it was shown that in children with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake disorder, the interaction with the mother has deficiencies, and it is suggested to use interaction-based therapy to treat this disorder. In this research, like other researches, there were limitations. It was the first access to samples. The second case was the use of a self-reporting tool, which may have been influenced by the mother. It also included samples from middle to high social strata, which is suggested to be used in future researches from poor socio-economic group as well.
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maryam ketabi; seyyed ali mousavi asl
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of stress management training based on cognitive-behavioral approach on reducing emotional problems, sleep quality and intensity of pain experience in women with chronic tension headaches. Method: According to the random assignment ...
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Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of stress management training based on cognitive-behavioral approach on reducing emotional problems, sleep quality and intensity of pain experience in women with chronic tension headaches. Method: According to the random assignment of subjects and control comparison group, the research method is semi-experimental. The statistical population included all female clients suffering from chronic tension headaches to the specialized pain clinic of Khatam Al Anbia Hospital in Tehran in 2022, among whom 34 people were selected by convenience sampling and randomly assigned to two groups. 17 people were tested and controlled. In order to collect data, the chronic pain rating questionnaire (Van Kuroff et al., 1990), the sleep quality questionnaire (Bois et al., 1989) and the emotional regulation difficulties questionnaire (Gratz and Romer, 2004) were used. The experimental group received stress management therapy based on the cognitive-behavioral approach for two and a half months in 10 sessions 60-minutes. Data analysis was done with descriptive statistics, statistical assumptions test and multivariate covariance analysis with SPSS version 26. Results: The results show that there is a significant difference between the subjects of the experimental and control groups in terms of the post-test of the dependent variables (emotional dysregulation score - sleep quality - intensity of pain experience) with the pre-test control. The effect size shows that 69.5% of the difference between the two groups is related to the experimental program. he results of multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) show that stress management training based on cognitive-behavioral theory (by controlling the effect of the pre-test as a confounding factor on the post-test) reduces the emotional dysregulation score (F=53.819, 000) P=0.0 and η=0.650), increased sleep quality (F=4.876, P=0.035 and η=0.444) and decreased intensity of pain experience (F=2.303, P=0.004 and η=0.377) had a significant effect. Conclusion: Stress management treatment based on cognitive-behavioral theory was effective and efficient in reducing emotional problems, sleep quality and intensity of pain experience in women with chronic tension headache. Stress management training based on cognitive-behavioral theory improves adaptive strategies and reduces the use of maladaptive strategies in female patients with headache and helps these people to reduce self-blame and blame others for suffering from the disease. This treatment can replace the control of positive emotions with negative emotions by informing and helping people's cognitive reconstruction. The cognitive-behavioral model helps the sick person to reduce negative emotional strategies and cope with pain and headache disease by correcting misplaced interpretations, guiding negative self-talk, correcting and reconstructing illogical thinking and ineffective and defective cognitions. and this cognitive reconstruction and reinterpretation of the pain and the existing situation causes less transfer of sensory-motor information of the headache and finally the perceived pain decreases.
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Forough Esrafilian; Hojjatollah Farahani; Farzin Bagheri Sheykhangafshe
Abstract
Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and potentially debilitating disease that affects the central nervous system, which comprises the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. MS disrupts the flow of information within and between the brain and body, leading to a wide range of physical and cognitive ...
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Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic and potentially debilitating disease that affects the central nervous system, which comprises the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. MS disrupts the flow of information within and between the brain and body, leading to a wide range of physical and cognitive symptoms. This condition is characterized by an abnormal immune response that targets myelin, the protective sheath surrounding nerve fibers, resulting in inflammation and damage. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between emotional adaptation and mindfulness with the mediation of cognitive emotion regulation in patients with MS. Method: The method of this research was descriptive and the research design was a correlation design. The statistical population of the present study consisted of all people with MS in Tehran in 2022. For this purpose, the Iranian MS Association was referred and 300 patients were selected through voluntary and accessible sampling. To collect research data, questionnaires on emotional adaptation (Rubio et al, 2007), mindfulness (Cardaciotto et al, 2008), and, cognitive emotion regulation (Garnefski & Kraaij, 2006) were used. A unified questionnaire comprising all the scales was prepared to conduct this research. Subsequently, in coordination with the Iranian MS Society, individuals were contacted. If they volunteered and were willing to participate in the study, they were asked to visit the MS Society or MS treatment centers in Tehran to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed individually, and during the research implementation, necessary explanations regarding how to respond and the purpose of the research were provided to the patients. The research was conducted from September to December 2022. Additionally, to adhere to ethical considerations, patients were assured that the research data would be analyzed collectively. Ethical principles in writing the article were followed according to the guidelines of the National Ethics Committee and the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) code of conduct. For data analysis in this research, descriptive statistical indices (mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis) and inferential statistical indices (Pearson correlation coefficient, path analysis) were used via SPSS and LISREL software version 24. Results: The results obtained from this research showed that the dimensions of mind-awareness (awareness focused on the present moment and acceptance) as exogenous variables of the research on the dimensions of emotional adaptation (lack of regulation of emotional and physiological arousals, hopelessness, and wishful thinking) have both direct and indirect effects (P<0.001). These effects underscore the complex interplay between present-moment awareness, acceptance, and the emotional processes in individuals with MS. The indirect effects were mediated through various pathways, indicating that mind awareness influences emotional adaptation directly and through its impact on other intermediate variables and coping mechanisms. Conclusion: What can be concluded from the present findings is the importance of training mindfulness skills in MS patients and improving cognitive skills in emotional regulation. According to the stress perceived by these people, the more a person focuses on desires and destructive thoughts loses focus on the present, and cannot accept his illness, the course and process of the disease will undoubtedly be faster. Future research should continue to explore the benefits of mindfulness and emotional regulation training in MS patients. Longitudinal studies could provide deeper insights into how these interventions impact disease progression and quality of life over time. Additionally, research could investigate the optimal methods for delivering mindfulness training to MS patients, considering factors such as disease severity, cognitive function, and individual preferences.
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Ensiyeh Babaie; Leyla Goodarzi; Seyedeh Tahereh Hossini
Abstract
Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of positive-oriented psychotherapy on the treatment adherence of chronic breast cancer patients Method:. This study was conducted using a semi-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design with a control ...
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Objective: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of positive-oriented psychotherapy on the treatment adherence of chronic breast cancer patients Method:. This study was conducted using a semi-experimental method with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group of 30 women (test group 15 and control group 15) from women with breast cancer referred to Tehran Cancer Research Center.Samples were selected by available sampling method and randomly placed in experimental and control groups. The experimental group underwent 8 sessions of positivist psychotherapy, while the control group did not receive any intervention. The Chronic Patients Adherence Scale was administered to participants. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of covariance in SPSS software. Results: The findings showed that there was a significant difference between the experimental and control groups in the scores of adherence therapy (p<0.05). Conclusion: Positive psychology interventions by motivating patients give them the necessary spirit to comply with the treatment. These interventions teach patients that in addition to having morale, they need to follow medical orders. These positive psychology interventions give patients the feeling that if they follow the treatment plans correctly, the possibility of their treatment will definitely increase significantly. In the field of acceptance of his treatment method, he can get better results and pay more attention to treatment and treatment methods. When positive psychology interventions are taught to patients, their opinions about the treatment method and participation in the treatment method are used, and the person considers himself a part of his treatment decision-making team and shows more participation. In the training course of positive psychology interventions, patients are taught special abilities and how to control their emotions so that patients have the best reaction in situations where they are in different emotional situations and adapt themselves to the situation in a better way. In the training course of positive psychology interventions, patients are given the necessary training in the field of focusing on good memories and the need to restore their spirits and create new good memories, and increase their ability to integrate the good and bad feelings of life. In the training course of positive psychology interventions, patients are given methods of contentment and acceptance of life events and satisfaction with life in any physical and mental state. This training teaches them to be patient with fate and events in life and to respect the people who have the duty of treating him and follow their decisions. Also, teaching positive psychology interventions to patients is given the necessary training in the field of optimism and life expectancy and it is instilled in them that by creating positive relationships with the treatment staff and obeying medical orders and creating interaction with the therapist, better treatment results will be achieved. The results of this research and similar researches can be used in the fields of treatment of chronic breast cancer patients.
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Maede Asadollah Najafi; Batool Aminjafari; Mehdi Marvi
Abstract
Objectives: Cancer has experienced alarming growth in the last two decades and is considered as an urgent health problem of modern life. Meanwhile, breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, and its annual incidence is increasing at a rate of 1.8 to 2% in the world, and it ranks first among ...
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Objectives: Cancer has experienced alarming growth in the last two decades and is considered as an urgent health problem of modern life. Meanwhile, breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, and its annual incidence is increasing at a rate of 1.8 to 2% in the world, and it ranks first among all women's cancers. However it has a major difference from other chronic diseases. In addition to requiring long-term care and treatment, it cannot be completely cured. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group self-healing training on distress tolerance, emotional reactivity and anxiety in women with breast cancer in Isfahan. Methods: It was semi-experimental in the form of pre-test-post-test with a control group. The statistical population included all women with breast cancer in Isfahan who had referred to support center for cancer patients in the first quarter of 2011, and their number was 93 people in this period of time based on the statistics received from the counseling center. 30 people were selected as the sample through available sampling and were placed in two experimental (15 people) and control (15 people) groups. The used tools were Simons & Gaher's distress tolerance (2005), Matuo & Nock's emotional reactivity (2008) and Reese and Patterson anxiety (1985) questionnaires. Self-healing group training sessions based on the protocol of Latifi and Meravi (2017) adapted from Loyd and Johnson (2010) were conducted during 14 sessions. The data were analyzed using SPSS-24 software in two descriptive and inferential (normalization and MANCOVA) according to the investigated hypotheses. Results: The results showed that group self-healing training on distress tolerance and its dimensions (tolerance, evaluation and regulation), emotional reactivity (sensitivity, intensity and stability) and anxiety (fear of physical symptoms, fear of cognitive control distortion, fear of observing anxiety reactions) is effective in women with cancer in Isfahan (P<0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, it seems that this method can be used for breast cancer patients. The reason for the effectivness of self-healing training on reducing cancer patients’ anxiety and stress in physical and psychological dimensions can be attributed to the effects of direct training in the field of fear and anxiety in this intervention. In this treatment method for treating anxiety, strategies include self-education and communication management (keeping calm, avoiding haste, avoiding useless discussions, speaking in a soft tone, not reacting quickly and not judging quickly), trusting others (patience, calmness, happiness and entrusting the solution of the problem to a higher power), adjustment of idealism (reducing the desire to be perfect and accepting mistakes as an inseparable part of every human being), order and time management (having discipline, planning and prioritization and doing necessary daily tasks), correct connection with the mind (living in the present moment), and using physical and muscle relaxation techniques (muscle relaxation, breathing, hydrotherapy, swimming, walking, religious behaviors, watching the sky, listening to the sound of water, meditation and yoga, the use of relaxing audio files at least once a day) were used and the patients were helped to reduce their anxiety to a great. Considering the confirmation of the effectiveness of self-healing training on reducing emotional reactivity and anxiety in people with cancer, it is suggested that doctors and nurses pay attention to their psychological condition in addition to physical treatments for these patients and if they observe psychological problems caused by the disease, refer them to psychologists and counsellors. It is also suggested to set up counseling and psychological centers for cancer patients in hospitals.
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zahra azari ghahfarrokhi; mojtaba ansari shahidi; mehran shahzamani
Abstract
Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of family-based social support training on the social adjustment and self-care behaviors of the cardiac patients with the signs of depression (after open surgery). Method: The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, ...
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Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of family-based social support training on the social adjustment and self-care behaviors of the cardiac patients with the signs of depression (after open surgery). Method: The present study was quasi-experimental with pretest, posttest, control group and two-month follow-up period design. the statistical population of the study included patients undergoing open heart surgery with depressive symptoms referred to specialized heart hospitals (Chamran, Sina and Milad) in Isfahan in the second half of 2019. 36 cardiac patients with the signs of depression were selected through purposive sampling method and randomly accommodated into experimental and control groups (17 patients in the experimental group and 19 patients in the control group). The experimental group received eight seventy-five-minute sessions of family-based social support training during two months. The applied questionnaires in this study included depression questionnaire (Beck et al, 1996), social adjustment questionnaire (Bell, 1962) and self-care behaviors questionnaire (Galiana et.al, 2015). The data from the study were analyzed through Mixed ANOVA and Bonferren post hoc test via SPSS23 statistical software. Findings: The results showed that family-based social support training has significant effect on the social adjustment and self-care behaviors of the cardiac patients with the signs of depression (p<0.001). Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study it can be concluded that family-based social support training can be used as an efficient intervention to improve social adjustment and self-care behaviors of the cardiac patients with the signs of depression through employing techniques such as creating social support circles, strengthening and rebuilding the social support group.
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farzaneh frozanfar; sheida jabal ameli; Mohammad Soltanizadeh; seyyed mohammad hassan emami; mojtaba ansari shahidi
Abstract
Objective: The present study was conducted to offer the model of predicting psychosocial adaptation to disease according to health-promoting behaviors with the mediation role of self-compassion in the patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational ...
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Objective: The present study was conducted to offer the model of predicting psychosocial adaptation to disease according to health-promoting behaviors with the mediation role of self-compassion in the patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). Method: The research method was descriptive-correlational and path analysis. The statistical population of the study included the patients with IBS who referred to therapy centers and gastroenterologists in the city of Isfahan in the autumn and winter of 2020-21. The statistical population included 340 patients with IBS who were selected through Convenience sampling method. The applied instruments included Psycho-Social Adaptation to Disease Scale (PSADS) (Drogits, 1986), Health Promoting Lifestyle Questionnaire (HPLQ) (Walker et al, 1987) and Self-Compassion Questionnaire (SCQ) (Neff, 2003). The data analysis was conducted via path analysis and Bootstrap test. Findings: The results showed that health-promoting behaviors and self-compassion have significant relationship with psychosocial adaptation to disease (p<0.01). Moreover, health-promoting behaviors and self-compassion have direct significant effect on psychosocial adaptation to disease (p<0.01). Furthermore, the results of Bootstrap showed that self-compassion has a significant mediation role in the relationship of health-promoting behaviors with psychosocial adaptation to disease (p<0.01). Finally, the model had a suitable goodness of fit. Conclusion: According to the results of the research, self-compassion has a significant mediating role between health-promoting behaviors and psychosocial adaptation to illness
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Fatemeh Beheshtian; Hasan Ahady; Nila Akhondy; Adis kraskian Mojembari
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to the Comparison Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Stress Inoculation Trainingon Psychological capitalin Infertile women. Method: The research method was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection, a quasi-experimental design ...
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Objective: The purpose of this study was to the Comparison Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy and Stress Inoculation Trainingon Psychological capitalin Infertile women. Method: The research method was applied in terms of purpose and in terms of data collection, a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population of this study included all infertile women of Kish Island. Using a available sampling method, 45 infertile women were considered as the sample size in two experimental groups (each group of 15) and control (15 subjects). The experimental groups underwent acceptance and commitment therapy (9 sessions 90 minutes) and Stress Inoculation Training(10 sessions 90 minutes), but the control group received no treatment. To collect data, the Luthans Psychological capitalQuestionnaire (2007) was used. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-v22 software in two sections: descriptive and inferential (covariance analysis).Result: The results showed that both of the interventions used in this study can significantly improve the psychological capital and its components (hope, optimism, self-efficacy and resiliency) in infertile women (p <0.05), But the Stress Inoculation Traininghas a greater impact on the improvement of psychological capital and its components.Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, acceptance and commitment therapy and stress inoculation trainingare effective interventions in increasing the psychological capital of infertile women But the effect of the Stress Inoculation Trainingrelief was greater.
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Ali Mostafaie; Hosein Zare; Ahmad Alipour; Vali Allah Farzad
Volume 7, Issue 25 , June 2018, , Pages 35-55
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to Compare the effectiveness of cognitive therapy Based on meta-theoretical models and meta-cognitive therapy on amount pain and Thoughts Fusion in patients suffering from chronic pain in broken who were referred to medical centers in broken and diagnosis of chronic ...
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Objective: The aim of this study was to Compare the effectiveness of cognitive therapy Based on meta-theoretical models and meta-cognitive therapy on amount pain and Thoughts Fusion in patients suffering from chronic pain in broken who were referred to medical centers in broken and diagnosis of chronic pain. Method: In this semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest control group design was used.105 people who were given a diagnosis of about them, were assigned to two experimental and control groups.this study was used to analyze the data from the test MANCOVA. Results: Results showed that meta-cognitive therapy and cognitive therapy Based on meta-theoretical models in reducing amount pain and Thoughts Fusion In patients suffering from chronic pain were significantly effective.Conclusion: The results revealed that meta-cognitive therapy focuses on the challenge and cognitive therapy Based on meta-theoretical models focuses on the change process to create positive change and appropriate in patients with chronic pain used.
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SH. abdollahi; Fariba Zarani; Jalil Fathabadi
Volume 6, Issue 24 , March 2018, , Pages 31-52
Abstract
Objective: Chronic kidney disease is One of the common physical diseases in human societies which can affect people's mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of social support and resilience in predicting the quality of life among adolescents with chronic kidney disease. Method: ...
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Objective: Chronic kidney disease is One of the common physical diseases in human societies which can affect people's mental health. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of social support and resilience in predicting the quality of life among adolescents with chronic kidney disease. Method: The research design of this study is correlation type and a component of regression. 140 adolescents 19-13 years of dialysis centers in Tehran were selected by accessible sampling procedure. The Connor-Davidson Resilience questionnaire (2003), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and Quality of Life Questionnaire of World Health Organization were administered to them.Results: Analysis of data using a regression analysis revealed that there is a relationship between the resilience and social support and the quality of life of adolescents with chronic kidney disease, the social support and resilience affect the quality of life of patients. Conclusion: it can be said that increase resiliency and social support in patients will improve their quality of life. Therefore it is necessary to pay attention to their psychological conditions alongside their physical conditions.
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samira Rahmani javanmard; M.H Khani
Volume 6, Issue 23 , December 2017, , Pages 136-150
Abstract
Introduction: the present study aimed to compare Alexithymia, Distress tolerance, and Anger rumination among patients with Hypertension and normal people. Method: The research design is causal-comparative or ex post facto which is a descriptive – analytic method. The population is all ...
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Introduction: the present study aimed to compare Alexithymia, Distress tolerance, and Anger rumination among patients with Hypertension and normal people. Method: The research design is causal-comparative or ex post facto which is a descriptive – analytic method. The population is all patients with hypertension from the health care centers and hospitals of Aleshtar, Lorestan. The total numbers of the participants is 40 clients which we select them by at hand sampling method. We compare these clients with 40 normal people. Data were analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance. Results: Results indicated that there is a significant difference between patients with Hypertension and normal people in terms of their total scores in alexithymia, distress tolerance, and anger rumination Conclusion: we need to consider these psychological factors in treatment programs.
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Hamid Poursharifi; Touraj Hashemi nosrat abad; Mohammad Ahmadi
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 2017, , Pages 86-103
Abstract
Introduction: The purpose of the present research was to compare body image problems and Social Physique Anxiety between obese and normal weight adolescents by examining the moderating role of sociocultural influence on weight loss and body change. Method: In this cross-sectional-descriptive study, 70 ...
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Introduction: The purpose of the present research was to compare body image problems and Social Physique Anxiety between obese and normal weight adolescents by examining the moderating role of sociocultural influence on weight loss and body change. Method: In this cross-sectional-descriptive study, 70 obese adolescent girls and 72 adolescent girls with normal weight were selected from among Tabriz City high school students and were matched according to education, gender, and age. Results: The results of two-factor ANOVA showed significant difference between obese adolescents and normal weight adolescents with regard to body image and Social Physique Anxiety. Also the results showed that a high Sociocultural influence on Weight loss and body change have significant role in the rise of the Social Physique Anxiety. However, it did not have any significant moderating role in the social physique anxiety or the body image problems. Conclusion: According to the results obtained, we can conclude that obesity and high sociocultural influence on Weight Loss and body change are important factors in rising body image problems and Social Physique Anxiety. But sociocultural influence does not modify the role of obesity on the increase or decrease of body image problems and social anxiety.
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Nazila Khatib Zanjani; M. Aghahheris
Volume 4, Issue 15 , October 2015, , Pages 75-86
Abstract
Objective: The Internet addiction among students in university is one of the modern addictions in modern societies. The purpose of this research was to compare of five-factor NEO personality traits among non-addiction and exposed to addiction students in Garmsar. Methods: This research was a comparative- ...
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Objective: The Internet addiction among students in university is one of the modern addictions in modern societies. The purpose of this research was to compare of five-factor NEO personality traits among non-addiction and exposed to addiction students in Garmsar. Methods: This research was a comparative- causality study. The statistical population included all male and female bachelor`s degree students in Garmsar university during 2013 that 286 subjects were randomly selected by multistage clustering. Data was collected by two questionnaires including Yung`s Internet addiction test and the short form of five-factor Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Findings: Data analysis revealed a significant difference in non-addiction and exposed to addiction students between the personality traits of extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness (p<0.05). So the participants of exposed to addiction groups have less degree than non-addiction students. Conclusions: Three personality traits of extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness are less in exposed addiction students than non-addiction groups. So, exposed to addiction students because of introversion have less agreeableness with others and reported less conscientiousness, so they spent much time on internet.
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abbas bayat asghari; banafsheh gharaee; hassan heydari; javad javaheri; sahar mousanejad; ahmad aramon
Volume 4, Issue 16 , October 2015, , Pages 59-68
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics and personality dimensions extraversion vs. introversion, neuroticism versus emotional stability characteristics with adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 type II diabetes' patients ...
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Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics and personality dimensions extraversion vs. introversion, neuroticism versus emotional stability characteristics with adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 type II diabetes' patients were recruitment by convenient sampling method. Patients checked-out revised questionnaire of Eysenck Personality (short form) and questionnaire to treatment adherence. The data were analyzed by Spearman correlation test and a linear regression model and for spss software was used for data analysis. Results: there was a significant inverse correlation between the personality neuroticism traits and adherence and a significant positive correlation between personality traits - emotional stability and consistency of treatment of modes. There was not correlation between introversion and extroversion. Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the influence of personality traits, emotional stability, and neuroticism on the adherence and treatments follow-up among diabetic patients.
