Document Type : Scientific Research
Authors
Abstract
Objective: Obesity and Overweight is increasing in developing countries. Obesity has undesired consequences especially in children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to compare attachment rate to parents, and affective control in adolescents (11-18) regarding to body mass index.
Method: So, 366 adolescents were selected using multi-step cluster sampling. Participants were overweight (n=145), BMI>25, and normal (n= 211), BMI<25, that completed Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment-Revised,( IPPA-R), and Affective Control Scale.
Results:One-way analysis of variance and multivariate analysis of variance by using SPSS-16 at p<0/05, indicated that there was a significant difference among attachment rate to mother, and depression control in two groups.
Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that attachment to mother is an important factor that can contribute to the weight gain and obesity.
Keywords
آتشروز، ب.؛ پاکدامن، ش.؛ عسگری، ع. (1387). «پیشبینی پیشرفت تحصیلی از طریق میزان دلبستگی». فصلنامۀ خانواده پژوهی. 14، 203-193.
افروز، غ.؛ کاکابرایی، ک.؛ صیدی، م.؛ قنبری، ن. و مؤمنی، خ. (1389). «رابطۀ سبکهای دلبستگی با نحوۀ مدیریت خشم و سلامت عمومی». اندیشه و رفتار. 18 (5)، 95-87.
امیری، پ.؛ غفرانیپور، ف.؛ جلالی فراهانی، س.؛ احمدی، ف.؛ حسینپناه، ف. و هومن، ح. (1389). «درک مادران از عوامل خانوادگی مؤثر بر رفتارهای مرتبط با اضافه وزن و چاقی در نوجوانان: یک مطالعۀ کیفی». مجلۀ غدد درون ریز و متابولیسم ایران. 12(2)، 152-145.
بشارت، م. (1388). «سبکهای دلبستگی و نارسایی هیجانی». پژوهشهای روانشناختی. 12(4-3)، 80-63.
جانسون، ام.؛ سو. ویفن، وو ای. (2002). فرایندهای دلبستگی در زوج درمانی و خانواده درمانی. ترجمۀ فاطمۀ بهرامی و همکاران. تهران: انتشارات دانژه. 1388.
خانجانی، ز. (1384). تحول و آسیب شناسی دلبستگی از کودکی تا نوجوانی. تبریز: انتشارات فروزش.
دلاور، ع. (1388). مبانی نظری و عملی پژوهش در علوم انسانی و اجتماعی. تهران: انتشارات رشد.
دهش، ز. (1388). «تأثیر مشاورۀ تلفیقی رفتاری و هیجان محور بر کنترل عواطف در نوجوانان دختر شهر کشکویۀ رفسنجان». پایاننامۀ کارشناسی ارشد. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی مرودشت.
رضایی، آ.؛ اسفندیاری، ف. و سروقد، س. (1389). «بررسی رابطۀ نگرش خوردن و خودتنظیمی با سبک زندگی در زنان چاق و عادی». فصلنامۀ زن و جامعه. 1(1)، 23-9.
ساعتچی، م. (1390). واژهنامۀ روانشناسی و زمینههای وابسته. تهران: انتشارات جنگل.
سیدامینی، ب.؛ مالک، ا.؛ مرادی، آ. و ابراهیمی، م. (1388). «ارتباط چاقی و اضافه وزن با مشکلات درونی شده در دختران مدارس ابتدایی». مجلۀ علوم پزشکی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تبریز. 31(4)، 44-40.
عسگری، پ.؛ پاشا، غ. و امینیان، م. (1388). «رابطۀ تنظیم هیجانی، فشارزاهای زندگی و تصویر از بدن با اختلالات خوردن در زنان». اندیشه و رفتار. 4(13)، 78-65.
علیزاده، ح. (1384). «تبیین نظری اختلال نارسایی توجه/ بیش فعالی: الگوی بازداری رفتاری و ماهیت خودکنترلی». پژوهش در حیطۀ کودکان استثنایی. 5(3)، 348-323.
کربندی، س.؛ عشقیزاده، م.؛ آقامحمدیان، ح.؛ ابراهیمزاده، س. و صفریان، م. (1389). «ارتباط سبک فرزندپروری والدین با چاقی کودکان پیش دبستانی شهر مشهد». افق دانش. 16(3)، 40-33.
کلیشادی، ر. (1389). «آنچه باید در مورد اضافه وزن و چاقی کودکان و نوجوانان بدانیم». ماهنامۀ پژوهشی، آموزشی، خبری سلامت و توسعه. 1، 11-10.
طاهری، ط.؛ کاظمی، ط.؛ تقیزاده، ب. و نجیبی، گ. (1387). «شیوع اضافه وزن و چاقی در دانشآموزان دبیرستانی 18-15 سال شهر بیرجند». مجلۀ غدد درون ریز و متابولیسم ایران. 10(2)، 126-121.
محمدیان، س.؛ خدام، ح. و کاوه، م. (1389). «عوامل مرتبط با چاقی و افزایش وزن دختران مقطع راهنمایی شهر گرگان». مجلۀ علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی گرگان. 35، 57-62.
نبوی، م.؛ کریمی، ب.؛ قربانی، ر.؛ مظلوم جعفرآبادی، م. و طالبی، م. (1389). «میزان شیوع چاقی و برخی عوامل مرتبط با آن در دانش آموزان 12 تا 7 سال». فصلنامۀ پایش. 36، 443-441.
نصرتی، م.؛ مظاهری، م. و حیدری، م. (1385). «بررسی تحولی رابطۀ پایگاههای هویت با میزان دلبستگی در نوجوانان پسر (14-16-18ساله) به والدین و همسالان». فصلنامۀ خانواده پژوهی. 2(5)،53-35.
هاشمیپور، م.؛ کلیشادی، ر.؛ روحافزا، ح. و آرین، ش. (1384). «اضطراب در دانشآموزان 12 تا 18 ساله مبتلا به اضافه وزن و چاقی اصفهان». مجلۀ علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی و خدمات بهداشتی درمانی قزوین. 35، 108-104.
Adam, K. S.; Sheldon Keller, A. E.; & West, M. (1995). "Attachment organization and vulnerability to loss, separation, and abuse in disturbed adolescents". In S. Goldberg, R. Muir, & J. Kerr (Eds). Attachment theory: Social, Developmental, and Clinical perspsctives, Hillsdale, N, J: Analytic- Press, 309-341.
Armsden, G. C.; Greenberg, M. T. (1987). "The inventory of parent and peer attachment: individual differences and their relationship to psychological well-being in adolescence". J Youth Adolesc, 16: 427-454.
Blodgett Salafia, E. H.; Gondoli, D. M. & Corning, A. F. (2007). "Psychological Distress as a mediator of the relation between perceived maternal parenting and normative maladaptive eating among adolescent girls". Journal of counseling psychology. 54 (4): 434-446.
Bosmans, G.; Goossens, L. & Braet, C. (2009). "Attachment and weight and shape concerns in inpatient overweight youngsters". Appetite, 53: (3), 454-456.
Bowlby, J. & Ainsworth, M. (1992). "The origins of attachment theory". Developmental Psychology. 28: 759-775.
Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. Vol. 1. Attachment. London: The Hogarth press and Institude of psycho Analysis.
Brofenbrenner, U. (1979). Theecology of human development. Cambridge: M. A. Harvard University Press.
Cassidy, J. & Berlin, J. (1994). "The insecure/ambivalent patterns: Theory and research". Child Development. 65, 971-991.
Contreras, J.; Kerns. K. A.; Weimer, B. L.; Gentzler, A. L. & Tomich, P. L. (2000). "Emotion regulation as a mediator of associations between mother-child attachment and peer relationships in middle childhood". Journal of family psychology. 14. 111-124.
Cooper, M. J. & Waren, L. (2011). "The relationship between body weight (body mass index) and attachment history in young women". Eating Behaviors, 12, (1), 94-96.
Crinic, K. A.; Greenberg, M. T. & Slough, N. M. (1986). "Early stress and social support influence on mathers' and high-risk infants' functioning in late infancy". Infant Mental Health Journal. 7, 19-33.
Crockenberg, S. (1981). "Infant irritability, mother responsiveness, and social influences on security of infant-mother attachment". Child Development. 52, 857-865.
Czaja, J. S.; Hartman, A. & Rief, W. (2011). "Mealtime family interactions in home environments of children with loss of control eating". Appetite, 56 (3), 587-593.
Dingemans, A. E.; Martjn, C.; Jansen, A. & Van Furth, E. F. (2009). "The effect of suppressing negative emotions on eating behavior in binge eating disorder". Apetite, 52,(1), 51-57.
Elfag, k. R. (2010). "A synthesis of recent research on obesity with the Rorschach and suggestions for the future". Rorschach. 31(2), 117-142.
Elfag, K.; Rossner, S.; Lindgren, T.; Anderson, I. & Carlson, A. M. (2004). Article Rorschach personality predictors of weight loss with behavior modification in obesity treatment. Obesity unit Karolinska University. Hospital. Stokholm. Sweden.
Fassino, S.; Leombruni, P.; Piero, A.; Abbate - Daga, G. & Giacomo Rovera, G. (2003). "Mood, eating attitudes, and anger in obese women with and without Binge Eating Disorder". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 54, (6), 559-566.
Fogel, A. (1997). Infancy: Infant, Family, and society. Newyork: Losangeles, Sanfrancisco, Mest publishing company.
Gloger- Tippelet, G.; Gmille, B.; Koening, L. & Vetter, J. (2002). "Attachment representations in 6-year-old: related longitudinary to the quality of attachment in infancy and mother's attachment representations". Attached-Hum-Dev. 4(3), 318-39.
Goldschmidt, A. B.; Tanofsky- K. M. & Wilfley, D. E. (2011). "A laboratory-based study of mood and bing eating behavior in overweight children". Eating Behaviors. 12 (1), 37-43.
Goldwyne, K.; Stanley, C.; Smite, V. & Green, J. (2000). "The man chester child attachment story tasic: relationship with parental AAI, SAT and child behavior". Attachment & Human Development. 2(1): 71-84.
Greenberg, M. T. (2009). Inventory of Parentand Peer Attachment (IPPA). A valiable at: prevention psu. Edu/ pubs/ documents/ IPPA manual 0809. Pdf.
Greenberg, M. T.; Spelts, M. L.; & Deklyen, M. (1993). "The role of attachment in the early development of disturptive behavior problems". Development and Psychopatology. 5, 191-213.
Ivezaj, V.; Saules, K. K.; Hoodin, F. & Alschuler, K. (2010). "The relationship between binge eating and weight status on depression, anxiety, and body image among a diverse college sample: A focus on Bi/Multiracial women". Eating Behaviors. 11, (1), 18-24.
Jacobson, S. W. & Frey, K. F. (1991). "Effect of maternal social support on attachment: Experimental evidence". child development. 62, 572-582.
Johnson, S. M. & Whiffen, V. E. (2002). Attachment processes in couple and family theraphy. (Trasnslated by FatemehBahrami. 1388). Tehran: Danjeh Publication.
Kellam, S. G. (1990). "Developmental epidemiological frame work for family research on depression and aggression". In G. R. Patterson (Ed). Depression and aggression in family interaction. pp. 11-48.
Kerns, K. A.; Abraham, M. M.; Schlegelmilch, A. & Morgan, T. A. (2007). "Mother-child attachment in later middle childhood: Assessment approaches and associations with mood and emotion regulation". Attachment and Human Development. 9. 33-53.
Kidd, T.; Hamer, M. & Steoto, A. (2010). "Examining the association between adult attachment style and cortisol responses to acute stress: Psychoneuroendocrinology, in press, Available on line". paper presented at biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development. Washington: DC.
Lamb, M. E. (1982). "Father-Infant interaction in first year of life". Child Development. 48, 167- 181.
Luthar, S. S. (1993). "Annotation: Metodological and conceptual issues in research on childhood resilience". Journal of Child psychology and psychiatry. 34, 441-453.
Main, M. & Hesse, E. (1995). Frigthening, frigthend, dissociated or disorganized behavior on the part of parent: Acoding system for parent-infant interactions. (5th ed). unpudlished manuscript. University of California at Berkeley.
Masling, J. M.; Rabie, L. & Blondhim, S. H. (1967). "Obesity, level of aspiration, and Rorschach and TAT measures of oral dependence". Journal of consuling psychology. 31, 233-239.
Morisset, C. T.; Barnard, K. E.; Greenberg, M. T.; Booth, C. L. & Spieker, S. J. (1990). "Enviromental Influencesonearly language development: The context of social risk". Development and psychopathology. 2, 127-149.
Myers, B. J.; Jarvis, P. A. & Creasey, G. L. (1987). Infants Behavior anddevelopment, 10, 245-259.
Norwood, S. J.; Bowker. A.; Buchholz. A. & Katherine. A. (2011). "Self-silencing and anger regulation as predictors of disordered eating among adolescent females". Eating Behaviors. 12, (2), 112-118.
Papalia, D. E. (2002). Achild's world: Infancy through adolescence. NewYork: MC GRAW-HILL.
Pederson, D. R.; Moran, G.; Sitco, C.; Campbell, K.; Ghesuire, K. & Action, H. (1990). "Maternal sensitivity and the security of infant-mother attachment: A Q-Sort study". Child Development. 67, 915-927.
Polivy, J.; Herman, P. & Deo, R. (2010). "Getting a bigger slice of the pie. Effects on eating and emotion in restraind and unrestrained eaters". Appetite, 55, (3), 426-430.
Reeve. J. M. (2005). Understanding motivation and emotion. (Translated by Yahya Sayed Mohammadi. 1387). Tehran: Virayeh publication.
Rutter, M. (1982). "Prevention of children's psychosocial disorders: Myth and substance". Pediatrics. 70, 883-894.
Srouf, L. A. (1983). "Individual patterns of adaptations from hnfancy to preschool: In M. Perlmutter (Ed)". Minnesota on child psychology. 16, 41-85.
Srouf, L. A. (1990). Pathways to adaptation and maladaptation. Psychopathology as developmental deviation. In D. Cicchetti (Bd). Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology: The emergence of a discipline, Hillsdale, NI: Erlbaum.1, 13-40.
Steele. M.; Steele. H. & Johansson. M. (2002). "Maternal predictors of children's social cognition: an attachment perspective". Journal of child psychology & psychiatry & Allied Disciplines. 43(7). 861-872.
Stenhammar, C.; Olsson, G. M. Bahmanyar, S. & Hulting, A-L. (2010). "Family stress and BMI in young children". Actapaediatrica, 99,(8), 1205-1212.
Topham, G. L.; Hubbs-Tait, L. & Rutledge, J. M. (2011). "Parenting styles, Parental response to child emotion, and family emotional responsiveness are related to child emotional eating." Appetite, 56(2), 261-264.
Trombini, (2003). Maternal attitude and attachment style affects obesity risk in children. Department of Psychology University of Bologna: Viale Berti Pichat 5. Italy.
Valenzuela, M. (1990). "Attachment incronically underweight young children". Child Development. 61,1984-1996.
Weinraub, M. & Frankel, J. (1977). "Sex differences in parent infant interaction during free play, depature, and separation". Child Development. 48, 1240-1249.
Weissberg, R. & Greenberg, M. T.
(1997). Community and school prevention. In, Siegel & A, Renninger (Eds), Handbook of child psychology: Child psychology in practice.
(1997). Community and school prevention. In, Siegel & A, Renninger (Eds), Handbook of child psychology: Child psychology in practice.
Whiteside, U.; Chen, E. & Neighbors, C. (2006). Difficulties regulating emotions: Do bing eaters have fewer strategies to modulate and tolerate negative affect?. MS University Department of Psychology. University of Washington.
Williams, K. E, Chambless, D. L. & Ahrens, A. H. (1997). "Are emotions frightening? An extension of the fear concept". Behavior Research and Therapy, 35, 239-248.
Woods, A. M.; Racine, S. E. & Klump, K. L. (2010). "Examining the relationship between dietary restraint and binge eating: differential effects of major and minor stressors". Eating Behaviors. 11, (4), 276-280.
Yeomans, M. R. & Coughlan, E. (2009). "Mood- induced eating, Interactive effects of restraint and tendency to overeat". Appetite, 52, (2), 290-298.
Zimmermann, P.; Scheuerer-English, H. & Grossmann, K. E. (1996). Social relationships in adolescence: Continuity and transformations, Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the European Association for Research on Adolescence, Liege.
)