In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iranian Health Psychology Association

Document Type : Scientific Research

Authors

1 Associate Professor in Psychology, University of Razi Kermanshah.

2 Ph.D. Student in General Psychology, University of Razi Kermanshah.

3 Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

Abstract

Objective: mental pain is a psychological experience, including negative self-evaluation; therefore, it should be measured by self-report tools. The aim of the present study was to determine factor structure and psychometric properties of Mental Pain Scale.Method: this was correlational study and its statistic population consisted all students of the University of Razi Kermanshah. The sample included 300 of these students selected via multi-stage random cluster sampling method. The data was analyzed through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis by SPSS-22 and AMOS-21 software.Result: the results showed a significant positive correlation among components of mental pain, anxiety, depression, and negative cognitive emotional regulation strategies (P≥0.001). Also, a significant positive correlation was found among components of mental pain and self-compassion (P≥0.001). The results of the exploratory factor analysis identified 6 factors, which in total, explained 66.40% of the variance in mental pain. 44 items in 6 factors were validated by confirmatory factor analysis. Cronbach’s alpha was 0.966 for the whole MPS, 0.925 for emptiness, 0.893 for emotional flooding, 0.877 for loss of control, 0.872 for irreversibility, 0.869 for self-estrangement, and 0.617 for freezing.Conclusion: Persian version of Mental Pain Scale has acceptable psychometric properties among academic students and can be used as a valid tool in psychological research.

Keywords

Main Subjects

بشارت، م. ع. (1384). بررسی ویژگی‌های روانسنجی مقیاس اضطراب بک. گزارش پژوهشی، دانشگاه تهران.
دابسون، کیت. استفان و محمد خانی، پروانه (1386). مختصات روانسنجی پرسشنامه افسردگی بک- 2 در یک نمونه مبتلایان به اختلال افسردگی اساسی. فصلنامه توانبخشی، 29 (ویژه نامه مسلسل 29)، 86-80.
زیمرمن، م. (2013). راهنمای مصاحبه بالینی بر مبنای DSM-5، ترجمه توکلی‌امی تیس (1394). انتشارات ابن سینا، تهران: چاپ اول.
سامانی، س و صادقی، ل. (1389). کفایت شاخص‌های روان سنجی پرسشنامۀ تنظیم شناختی هیجان. مجلۀ روش‌ها و مدل‌های روان‌شناختی،1 (1)، 51-62.
عربی، ا و باقری، م. (1396). نقش میانجی‌گری راهبردهای تنظیم هیجان بین شدت درد و کیفیت زندگی در بیماران مبتلا به اختلال درد مزمن. فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی روانشناسی سلامت، 6 (2 پیاپی 22)، 72-87.
عقیلی، م و افضلی، س. (1395). اثربخشی تمرینات تنفسی یوگا بر درد مزمن، اضطراب، بهزیستی جسمانی و روانی در زنان مبتلا به ام اس شهر گرگان. فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی روانشناسی سلامت، 5 (20)، 109-124.
فتی، ل؛ بیرشک، ب؛ عاطف وحید، م. ک و دابسون، ک. د. (1384). ساختارهای معناگذار/ طرحواره‌ها، حالت‌های هیجانی و پردازش شناختی اطلاعات هیجانی: مقایسه دو چهارچوب مفهومی. مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران (اندیشه و رفتار)، 11، 326-312.
مؤمنی، ف؛ شهیدی، ش؛ موتابی، ف و حیدری، م. (1393). نقش تشخیصی نقص در تنظیم هیجانی، ذهن‌آگاهی و خوددوست‌داری در زنان مبتلا به اختلال اضطراب فراگیر و زنان عادی. فصلنامه پژوهش‌های نوین روانشناختی، 9 (34)، 147-172.
هومن، ح. ع و عسگری، ع. (1384). تحلیل عاملی: دشواری‌ها و تنگناهای آن. مجله روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی، 35 (2)، 1-20. Bakan, D. (1968). Disease, Pain, and Sacrifice: Toward a Psychology of Suffering. Chicago, Beacon Press. https://www.amazon.com/Disease-Pain-Sacrifice-Psychology Suffering/dp/0807029718.
Barrett, D. A. (1999). Suffering and the process of transformation. Journal Pastoral Care. 53 (4), 461–472.
Baumeister, R. F. (1990). Suicide as escape from self. Psychological Review. 97 (1), 9 0–113.
Beck, A. T, Steer, R. A., Brown, G. K. (1996). BDI-II manual. San Antonio: Pearson. (Pag 360-365).
Beck, A. T. & Streer, R. A. (1993). Beck Depression Inventory. The Psychological Corporation: New York.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N. (1993). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56 (6), 893-897.
Bolger, E. (1999). Grounded theory analysis of emotional pain. Psychotherapy Research, 9 (3), 342–62.
Bryant, B. F., & Yarnold, P. R, (1995). Principal-components analysis and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. In L. G. Grime & P. R. Yarnold (Eds.), Reading and understanding multivariate statistics (pp.99-136). Washington DC: American psychiatric Association.
Cáceda, R, Duran, D, Cortes, E, Prendes-Alvarez, S, Moskovciak, T, Harvey, P. D, Nemeroff, C. B. (2014). Impulsive choiceand psychological pain in acutelys uicidal depressed patients. Psychosomatic Medicine. 76 (6), 445–451.
Cassell, E. J (1999).  Diagnosing suffering: a perspective. Annals of Internal Medicine.131 (7), 531–534.
DeLisle, M. M., Holden R. R. (2009). Differentiating between depression, hopelessness, and psychache in university undergraduates. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development. 42 (1), 46-63.
Engel, G. L. (1969). Pain; in Mac Bryde CM (ed): Signs and Symptoms. Applied Pathological Physiology and Clinical Interpretation. Philadelphia, Lippincott, pp: 44–61.
Fertuck, E. A., Kara, E., and Stanley, B. (2016). The specificity of mental pain in borderline personality disorder compared to depressive disorders and healthy controls. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation. 3 (2), 2-8.
Fertuck, E. A., Kara, E., and Stanley, B. (2016). The specificity of mental pain in borderline personality disorder compared to depressive disorders and healthy controls. Borderline Personality Disorder and Emotion Dysregulation. 3 (2), 2-8.
Frankl, V. E. (1961). Logotherapy and the challenge of suffering; in Hoeller K (ed): Readings in Existential Psychology and Psychiatry. Seattle, Review of Existential Psychology and Psychiatry. pp 63–67.
Frankl, V. E. (1963). Man’s Search for Meaning. New York, First Washington Square Press.
Freud, S. (1959). Inhibition, symptoms and anxiety. In J. Strachey (Ed. and Trans.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 20). London: Hogarth Press (Original work published 1926).
Garnefski, N., and Kraaij, V. (2007). The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire Psychometric Features and Prospective Relationships with Depression and Anxiety in Adults. European Journal of Psychological Assessment. 23(3),141–149.
Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. & Spinhoven, P. H. (2001). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation and depression. Personality and Individual Differences, 30 (8), 1311-1327.
Gillies, J., Neimeyer, R. A. (2006).  Loss, grief and the search for significance: towards a model of meaning reconstruction in bereavement.Journal of  Constructivist  Psychology. 19 (1), 31–65.
Herman, J. (1992). Trauma and recover. New York: Basic Books. Pag (211-213).
Holden, R. R., Mehta, K., Cunningham, E. J., McLeod, L. D. (2001). Development and preliminary validation of a scale of psychache. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 33 (4); 224–232.
Iacobucci D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit Indices, sample size, and advanced topics. Journal of Consumer Psychology. 20 (1), 90-98.
Kearsley, J. H. (2010). The therapeutic use of self and the relief of suffering. Cancer Forums. 34 (2), 98–101.
Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Second Edition, The Guilford Press, A Division of Guilford Publications, Inc. 72 Spring Street, New York, NY 10012.
Li, H., Xie, W., Luo, X., Fu, R., Shi, C., Ying, X., Wang, N., Yin, Q., Wang, X. (2014). Clarifying the role of psychological pain in the risks of suicidal ideation and suicidal acts among patients with major depressive episodes. Suicide & Life-Threatening Behavior. 44 (1), 78–88. Maroco, J. (2010a). Análise de equações estruturais: Fundamentos teóricos, software e aplicações. [Analysis of structural equations: Theoretical foundations, software and applications]. Lisboa: ReportNumber, Lda.
Mee, S., Bunney, B. G., Bunney, W. E., Hetrick, W., Potkin, S. G., Reist, C. (2011). Assessment of psychological pain in major depressive episodes. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 45 (11), 1504–1510.
Meerwijk, E. L, Weiss, S. J. (2011). Toward aunifying definition of psychological pain. Journal of Loss & Trauma. 16, 402–412.
Meerwijk, E. L, Ford, J. M, Weiss, S. J. (2015). Resting-state EEG delta power is associated with psychological pain in adults with a history of depression. Biological Psychology. 105, 106–114 .
Meerwijkand, E., Weiss, S. J. (2016). Does suicidal desire moderate the association between frontal delta power and psychological pain? Peer J4: e1538;
Nahalie, L. S., Sommerfeld, E., Orbach, I., Weller, A., Apter, A., Zalsman, G. (2014). Mental pain as a mediator of suicidal tendency: a pathanalysis. Comprehensive Psychiatry. 55 (4), 944–951.
Nieto R., Raichle, K. A., Jensen, M. P., Miró, J. (2012). Changes in pain-related beliefs, coping, and catastrophizing predict changes in pain intensity, pain interference, and psychological functioning in individuals with myotonic muscular dystrophy and facioscapulohumeral dystrophy. The Clinical Journal of Pain. 28(1), 47-54. Doi.
Orbach, I., Mikulincer, M., Sirota, P., Gilboa-Schechtman, E. (2003). Mental pain: A multidimensional operationalization and definition. Suicide Life Threatment Behavior. 33(3), 219–30.
Pompili, M., Lester, D., Leenaars, A. A., Tatarelli, R., Girardi, P. (2008). Psychache and suicide: a preliminary investigation. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior. 38, 116-121.
Raes, F., Pommier, E., Neff, K. D., & Van Gucht, D. (2011). Construction and factorial validation of a short form of the Self-Compassion Scale. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy. 18 (3), 250-255.  
Sandler, J. (1962). Psychology and psychoanalysis. British Journal of Medical Psychology. 35, 91–100.
Shneidman, E. S. (1999). The psychological pain assessment scale. Suicideand LifeThreatening Behavior. 29 (4), 287–294.
Shneidman, E. S. (1999). The psychological pain assessment scale. Suicide and Life Threatening Behavior. 29(4), 287–294.
Tossani, E. (2013). The Concept of Mental Pain. Psychother Psychosom. 82 (2), 67–73.
Troister, T., D'Agata, M. T, Holden, R. R. (2015). Suicide risk screening: comparing the beck depression inventory-II, beck hopelessness scale, and psychache scale in undergradu- ates. Psychological Assessment. 27 (4), 1500-1506.
Van Heeringen, K., Van den Abbeele, D., Vervaet, M., Soenen, L., Audenaert, K. (2010). The functional neuroanatomy of mental pain in depression. Psychiatry Research. 181,141-144.
Xie, W., Li, H., Luo, X., Fu, R., Ying, X., Wang, N., Yin, Q., Zou, Y., Cui, Y., Wang, X., Shi, C. (2014). Anhedonia and paina voidance in the suicidal mind: behavioral evidence for motivational manifestations of suicidal ideation in patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology. 70 (7), 681–692.