Psychometric Properties of Food Cue Response Scale (FCRS) and its Relationship with Body Mass Index (BMI)

Esmaeili Anamagh, Bahman; Atadokht, Akbar; Paknejad, Hossein

doi:10.30473/hpj.2024.68197.5832

Document Type : Scientific Research

Authors

¹ PhD student in Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran.

² Professor of Psychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Mohaghegh Ardabili University, Ardabil, Iran

https://doi.org/10.30473/hpj.2024.68197.5832

Abstract

Objective: Obesity is a major public health concern. The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased in recent years in different countries of the world, including Iran, and has become an important issue in the field of health at the global level. Today's environments encourage excess energy intake and discourage energy consumption. Overweight individuals may respond differently to food cues in the environment than underweight individuals. This individual difference in responding to food cues can play an important role in the development of obesity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the psychometric indicators of food cues response scale (FCRS) and investigate its relationship with body mass index (BMI). Method: The research method was descriptive and correlational. The statistical population was 20,997 students of Tabriz University. According to the krejci-morgan table, 380 people were selected as a sample using accessible sampling method through internet and field reference. To collect the data, food cue response scale (Kang sim et al., 2023), power of food scale (low et al., 2009) and demographic information questionnaire were used. In order to use the food cue response scale (FCRS) in the present study, the original version was translated from English to Farsi. Reverse translation method was used to translate the scale. The existing flaws were fixed and the Persian version of the scale was finally approved. All the ethical principles of the research such as confidentiality and having the right to enter and leave the research were observed. The research data were analyzed with the statistical methods of confirmatory factor analysis, correlation and regression. SPSS 23 and AMOS 24 statistical software were used in data analysis. Results: The results of confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the two-factor model of food cue responsiveness scale. The convergent validity of this scale with power of food scale was R=0.77. Checking the reliability of the total score of the scale with Cronbach's alpha method (0.91) and retest method (R=0.90) with an interval of 15 days showed that the scale has excellent reliability. The internal correlation of each item with the total score of food cue response scale was significant (p<0.01). Each of the subscales and the total score of the food cue response scale had significant predictive power of body mass index (BMI), which indicates the predictive validity of the scale and positive relationships between them. Conclusion: Irritability to food cues or lack of control of cognitive and behavioral responses when faced with food cues such as color, smell, taste, and other factors is the cause of obesity and overweight phenomenon. The food cue response scale is a scale with good psychometric adequacy for examining nutritional behaviors and predicting changes in body mass index. Since the food cue response scale (FCRS) has a small number of items and has favorable psychometric properties, it is suggested to use this scale in the future researches to measure in the field of nutrition, obesity prevention and food care.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Ashrafi, E., kachooei, M., & ghazaghi, M. (2017). Investigating the Reliability and Validity of the Power of Food Scale (PFS). Knowledge & Research in Applied Psychology, 16(3):113-125. (In Persian).

Ania, M. Dana, M. Robert, S. Rajita, S. Cheryl, L. (2013). Neural Correlates of Stress- and Food Cue–Induced Food Craving in Obesity. Diabetes Care, 36(2): 394–402. Doi: 10.2337/dc12-1112

Belfort-DeAguiar R, Seo D. (2018). Food Cues and Obesity: Overpowering Hormones and Energy Balance Regulation. Curr Obes Rep, 7(2):122-129. DOI: 10.1007/s13679-018-0303-1

Boutelle KN, Manzano MA, Eiche0n DM. (2020). Appetitive traits as targets for weight loss: The role of food cue responsiveness and satiety responsiveness. Physiology Behav. 1;224:113018. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh .2020.113018

Berridge, K.C. (2009) Liking’ and ‘wanting’ food rewards. Brain substrates and roles in eating disorders. Physiology and Behavior. 97(5):537-50. Doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.02.044

Brignell, C., Griffiths, T., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2009).Attentional and approach biases for pictorial food cues. Influence of external eating. Appetite. 52(2):299-306. DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2008.10.007

Bouton M. (2011). Learning and the persistence of appetite: extinction and the motivation to eat and overeat. Physiol Behav, 103(1):51–8. DOI: 10. 1016 /j .physbeh.2010.11.025

Boutelle KN, Bouton M. (2015). Implications of learning theory for developing programs to decrease overeating. Appetite, 93:62–74. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet. 2015.05.013

Brooks SJ, O′Daly OG, Uher R, Friederich H-C, Giampietro V, Brammer M, et al. (2011) Differential Neural Responses to Food Images in Women with Bulimia versus Anorexia Nervosa. PLoS ONE, 6(7): e22259. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022259

Boswell RG, Kober H. (2016). Food cue reactivity and craving predict eating and weight gain: a meta-analytic review. Obes Rev, 17(2):159-77. DOI: 10. 1111/obr.12354

Berthoud HR, Lenard NR, Shin AC. (2011). Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 300(6):R1266-77. DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00028.2011

Chang JC, Huang WL, Liu CY, Tseng MM, Yang CCH, Kuo TBJ. (2021). Heart Rate Variability Reactivity to Food Image Stimuli is Associated with Body Mass Index. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback, 46(3):271-277. DOI: 10.1007/s10484-021-09514-2

Carnell S, Benson L, Pryor K, et al. (2013). Appetitive traits from infancy to adolescence: using behavioral and neural measures to investigate obesity risk. Physiol Behav, 121(2):79–88. Doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2013.02.015

Cornell CE, Rodin J, Weingarten H. (1989). Stimulus-induced eating when satiated. Physiol Behav. 45(4):695-704. DOI: ‌10.1016/0031-9384(89) 90281-3.

Cleobury L, Tapper K. (2014).Reasons for eating ‘unhealthy’ snacks in overweight and obese males and females. J Hum Nutr Diet. 27(4):333–41. DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12169

Demos KE, Heatherton TF, Kelley WM. (2012). Individual differences in nucleus accumbens activity to food and sexual images predict weight gain and sexual behavior. J Neurosci, 32 (16):5549–52. DOI: 10.1523/ JNEUR O SCI.5958-11.2012

Ferriday D, Brunstrom J. (2011). ‘I just can’t helpmyself’: effects of foodcue exposure in overweight and lean individuals. Int J Obes, 35 (1):142–9. DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2010.117

Hou R, Mogg K, Bradley BP, Moss-Morris R, Peveler R, Roefs A.(2011). External eating, impulsivity and attentional bias to food cues. Appetite. 56(2):424-7. Doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2011.01.019

Hou R, Mogg K, Brendan P. Bradley, Moss-Morris P, Peveler R, Roefs A.(2011). External eating, impulsivity and attentional bias to food cues. Journal Article published in Appetite, 56(2):424-7. DOI: 10.1016/j.appet. 2011.01.019

Jansen A, Stegerman S, Roefs A, Nederkoorn C, Havermans R.(2010). Decreased salivation to food cues in formerly obese successful dieters. Psychother Psychosom, 79 (4):257–8. DOI: 10.1159/000315131

Jastreboff AM, Lacadie C, Seo D, Kubat J, Van Name MA, Giannini C, et al. (2014). Leptin is associated with exaggerated brain reward and emotion responses to food images in adolescent obesity.Diabetes Care, 37 (11): 3061 –8. DOI: 10.2337/dc14-0525

Jansen A. (1998). A learning model of binge eating: cue reactivity and cue exposure. Behav Res Ther, 36(3):257–72. DOI: 10.1016/s0005-7967 (98) 00 055-2

Jeffery R, Harnack L. (2007). Evidence implicating eating as a primar driver for the obesity epidemic. Diabetes, 56(11):2673-6. DOI: 10.2337/db07-102

Kang Sim DE, Eichen DM, Strong DR, Manzano MA, Boutelle KN.(2023). Development and validation of the food cue responsively scale. Journal Article published in Physiology & Behavior, 8(3):e201-98. DOI: 10. 10 16 /j .physbeh.2022.114028

Kanoski SE, Boutelle KN. (2022). Food cue reactivity: Neurobiological and behavioral underpinnings. Rev Endocr Metab Disord, 23(4):683-696. DOI: 10.1007/s11154-022-09724-x

Kaisari, P., Kumar, S., Hattersley, J., Dourish, C. T., Rotshtein, P., & Higgs, S. (2019). Top-down guidance of attention to food cues is enhanced in individuals with overweight/obesity and predicts change in weight at one-year follow up. International Journal of Obesity, 43(9), 1849–1858. DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0246-3

KHabir, L., Karam bakhsh, G., & Mohamadi, N. (2018). The relationship between Impulsivity and Body Mass Index: The role of mediational food addiction. Health Psychology, 6(24), 106-119. (In Persian). DOI: 20 .1001. 1.23221283.1396.6.24.6.4

Locke AE, Kahali B, Berndt SI, Justice AE, Pers TH, Day FR, et al.(2015). Genetic studies of body mass index yield new insights for obesity biology. Nature, 518 (7538):197–206. DOI: 10.1038/nature14177.

Lowe, M. R., Butryn, M. L., Didie, E. R., Annunziato, R. A., Thomas, J. G., Crerand, C. E., ... & Halford, J. (2009). The Power of Food Scale. A new measure of the psychological influence of the food environment. Appetite, 53(1), 114-118.‏DOI:10.1016/j.appet.2009.05.016

Murdaugh DL, Cox JE, Cook EW, Weller RE. (2012). FMRI reactivity to high-calorie food pictures predicts short-and long-termoutcome in a weight-loss program. NeuroImage, 59 (3):2709–21. DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011. 10.071

Nijs IM, Franken IH. (2012). Attentional processing of food cues in overweight and obese individuals. Curr Obes Rep, 1(2):106-113. DOI: 10.1007/s13679-012-0011-1

Ogden CL, Yanovski SZ, Carroll MD, Flegal KM. (2007).The epidemiology of obesity. Gastroenterology, 132(6):2087–102. DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007. 03.052

Pakize, A., & Behzadfar, M. (2018). The role of the brain's reward system in overweight and obesity: Investigating mediating role of emotional eating in relationship between sensivity to reward and overweight. Health Psychology, 7(25), 7-20. (In Persian). DOI: 20.1001.1.23221283.1397.7.25. 1.8

Pursey KM, Stanwell P, Callister RJ, Brain K, Collins CE, Burrows TL. (2014). neural responses to visual food cues according to weight status: a systematic review of functional magnetic resonance imaging studies. Frontiers in Nutrition, 9(1):7. DOI:10.3389/fnut.2014.00007

Phelan S, Hassenstab J, McCaffery JM, Sweet L, Raynor HA, Cohen RA. (2011). Cognitive interference from food cues in weight loss maintainers, normal weight, and obese individuals. Obesity. 19 (1):69–73. DOI: 10.1038/ oby.2010.138

Rogers, P. J., & Smit, H. J. (2000). Food craving and food "addiction": A critical review of the evidence from a biopsychosocial perspective. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 66(1), 3–14. DOI: 10 .10 16/ s 0091-3057(00)00197

Rolls, E.T. (2010). Taste, olfactory, and food texture reward processing in the brain and Obesity. International Journal of Obesity. 35(4):550-61. DOI: 10. 1038/ijo.2010.155

Stice, E., Spoor, S., Ng, J., & Zald, D. H. (2009). Relation of obesity to consummatory and anticipatory food reward. Physiology & Behavior, 97(5): 551-60. DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.03.020

Strimas, R., Davis, C., Patte, K., Curtis, C., Reid, C., & McCool, C. (2008). Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, overeating, and body mass index in men.Eating Behaviors. 9(4):516-8. DOI: 10.1 016 /j. eatbeh .2 008.07.005

Swinburn B, Sacks G, Ravussin E. (2009). Increased food energy supply ismore than sufficient to explain the US epidemic of obesity.AmJ Clin Nutr. 90 (6): 1453–6. DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28595

Staiger, P. Dawe, S. McCarthy, R. (2000). Responsively to food cues in bulimic women and controls. Journal Article published in Appetite. 35 (1) 27 to 33. DOI: 10.1006/appe.2000.0327

Sun W, Kober H. (2020). Regulating food craving: From mechanisms to interventions. Physiol Behav. . 1; 222:112878. Doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020

Srivastava G, Apovian CM. (2018). Current pharmacotherapy for obesity. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 14(1): 12-24. Doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2017.122. DOI: 10. 10 38/nrendo.2017.122

Udo T, Weinberger AH, Grilo CM, Brownell KD, DiLeone RJ, Lampert R, Matlin SL, Yanagisawa K, McKee SA.(2013). Heightened vagal activity during high-calorie food presentation in obese compared with non-obese individuals--results of a pilot study. Obes Res Clin Pract.8(3):e201-98. Doi: 10.1016/j.orcp.2013.05.006

Yokum S, Ng J, Stice E. (2011). Attentional bias to food images associated with elevated weight and future weight gain: an fMRI study. Obesity. 19 (9): 1775-83. DOI: 10. 1038/ oby.2011. 168.

Psychometric Properties of Food Cue Response Scale (FCRS) and its Relationship with Body Mass Index (BMI)

References

References

Volume 13, Issue 50September 2024Pages 115-130

Volume 13, Issue 50
September 2024
Pages 115-130