A
Roghayeh Asgarnejad; Atefeh Hojjati
Abstract
Objective: Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among women worldwide, and its experience significantly elevates the likelihood of developing somatization symptoms, thereby imposing substantial healthcare costs (Arnold et al., 2022; Moran et al., 2023). Identifying factors influencing these ...
Read More
Objective: Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignancy among women worldwide, and its experience significantly elevates the likelihood of developing somatization symptoms, thereby imposing substantial healthcare costs (Arnold et al., 2022; Moran et al., 2023). Identifying factors influencing these symptoms is therefore imperative. Personality organization, as a foundational psychological construct, plays a pivotal role in psychosomatic responses to stress, with specific personality traits demonstrably linked to mental health outcomes and adaptation processes in cancer patients (Kovács et al., 2021; Cerezo et al., 2020). Conversely, somatization frequently stems from an inability to directly express negative emotions, a process exacerbated by "entrapment", a psychological state commonly observed in cancer populations and associated with particular personality dimensions such as neuroticism (Çetin & Varma, 2021; Chen et al., 2022). Despite existing evidence, prior research has predominantly focused on direct relationships between Five-Factor Model personality traits and psychosomatic outcomes, exhibiting two critical limitations: first, neglecting the comprehensive theoretical framework of "personality organization," and second, failing to examine the mediating role of entrapment as a key mechanism in chronic cancer-related stress responses. This research gap is particularly pronounced among Iranian women with breast cancer, who face unique cultural challenges (Hosseini et al., 2023). Consequently, the present study employs structural equation modeling to investigate the relationship between personality organization and somatization symptoms, incorporating entrapment as a mediating variable. The primary objective is to determine whether these variables collectively predict somatization symptoms in this population. Method: This fundamental research utilized a descriptive-correlational design. The statistical population comprised all women diagnosed with breast cancer attending Shahid Tajrish Hospital in Tehran during the Iranian calendar years 1402–1403 (2023–2024). Adhering to structural equation modeling principles (Kline, 2012), a sample size of 200 participants was determined and selected via purposive sampling based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Assessment instruments included the Stress Symptom Checklist (Cheng & Hamid, 1996) for measuring somatization, the Personality Organization Questionnaire (Kernberg, 2002), and the Entrapment Questionnaire (Gilbert & Allan, 1998). The validity and reliability of these tools have been established in both international and Persian-language studies (Shaker, 2018; Ghamarani et al., 2013; Cheng & Hamid, 1995). Following informed consent acquisition, data were collected through self-report questionnaires. Data analysis employed descriptive and inferential statistical methods, specifically path analysis within a structural equation modeling framework using SPSS and AMOS software. This analytical approach enabled examination of direct and indirect relationships among personality organization, entrapment, and somatization symptoms within a cohesive theoretical model. Results: Personality organization demonstrated a significant positive direct effect on entrapment (standardized coefficient β = 0.593, p <.001). Both entrapment (β=0.264, p=.005) and personality organization (β=0.473, p<.001) exhibited significant direct effects on somatization symptoms. Bootstrap testing (Table 1) revealed a significant indirect effect of personality organization on somatization symptoms through entrapment (β=0.156, p=.014), confirming that diminished personality organization intensifies entrapment, subsequently amplifying somatization symptoms at the 5 percent significance level.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that deficits in personality organization predict somatization symptoms in women with breast cancer both directly and indirectly through the mediating role of entrapment. These findings suggest that individuals with maladaptive personality structures lack effective emotion regulation and stress-processing mechanisms, leading them to suppress psychological distress related to their illness and unconsciously manifest it as physical pain or fatigue (Lipowski, 1988). Within this pathway, entrapment functions as a critical missing link: personality disorganization fosters perceptions of helplessness and being trapped by the disease (O'Connor & Portzky, 2018), thereby intensifying the conversion of psychological suffering into physical symptoms. Consistent with prior research (Hosseini et al., 2023; Kang et al., 2023), these results underscore the necessity of transcending purely biological perspectives on cancer. Practically, therapeutic interventions should extend beyond physical symptom management to address personality structure reconstruction and reduction of entrapment feelings. Approaches such as Emotion-Focused Therapy or Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy may disrupt the vicious cycle of somatization by facilitating direct emotional expression and restoring perceived control (Çetin & Varma, 2021). Although limitations exist, including the cross-sectional design and uncontrolled clinical variables, this model provides a valuable framework for developing integrated psychosomatic care protocols tailored to the Iranian cultural context, where direct expression of psychological distress often encounters social barriers.
A
MohammadReza Tamannaeifar; Mahboobe Esmikhani
Abstract
Objective: Body dysmorphic disorder is a perceptual disorder in which a person is preoccupied with one or more parts of their body that they perceive as particularly ugly or misshapen. Women with body dysmorphic disorder are intensely concerned with their breasts, buttocks, thighs, and overall weight. ...
Read More
Objective: Body dysmorphic disorder is a perceptual disorder in which a person is preoccupied with one or more parts of their body that they perceive as particularly ugly or misshapen. Women with body dysmorphic disorder are intensely concerned with their breasts, buttocks, thighs, and overall weight. The obsessive nature of body dysmorphic disorder can cause a person to experience repeated negative feelings and discomfort about their appearance and how others perceive them, and an overall decrease in psychological and social functioning. For example, people with body dysmorphic disorder may engage in self-checking activities, such as repeatedly looking at themselves in the mirror to assess the area(s) of concern and comparing their appearance to that of others. Body dysmorphic disorder concerns (or symptoms related to body dysmorphic disorder) are distressing and can cause significant suffering and are influenced by various factors, one of which is primary maladaptive schemas. Early maladaptive schemas serve as a framework for interpreting reality that provides a stable and coherent sense of self and the world. It is clear that early maladaptive schemas are associated with body dysmorphic disorder, but what could be important is to discover and examine the role of mediating variables in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and body dysmorphic disorder, which in this study examined the mediating role of self-esteem, because self-esteem, in addition to being affected by the antecedents of this study, namely early maladaptive schemas, can affect dysmorphic disorder. For this reason, and based on research precedents, self-esteem can be an appropriate mediating variable in the relationshis between the variables in this study. The purpose of the present study was to investigate structural equation modeling of the body dysmorphic disorder based on early maladaptive schemas with mediating role of self-esteem in women with breast cancer. Method: The method of the present research is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive in terms of survey type, which is considered quantitative research. The statistical population of the study was women with breast cancer referral to the oncology center of Imam Khomeini and Imam Hussein Hospital of Tehran city in autumn year 2024. The sample size was selected based on Klein's model (2023) and with subjectivw sampling of 300 women. Data collection tools include the body dysmorphic disorder scale (BDDS) of Hanley and et al (2020), Young schema questionnaire – short form version 3 (YSQ-S3) of Young (2005) and self-esteem scale (RSEs) of Rosenberg (1989). The inclusion criteria for the study were diagnosis of breast cancer, being in the radiotherapy treatment phase, having a minimum level of literacy, full consent to participate in the study, the right to withdraw from the study, having sufficient time to answer the questionnaires, and not receiving psychiatric treatment. Failure to fully answer the questionnaire questions and not having the necessary cooperation to participate in the study were exclusion criteria. For descriptive data analysis, mean and standard deviation were used; for inferential data analysis, Pearson correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used. Data analysis software was SPSS and AMOS version 28. Results: The number of respondents was 300, and no outliers or outliers were identified in this study. The mean age and standard deviation were 37.33 and 2.92, respectively. The results showed direct effect of early maladaptive schemas and self-esteem on body dysmorphic disorder is significant. The results also showed that self-esteem has a significant mediating role in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas with body dysmorphic disorder. Also, the final research model had a good fit (RMSEA=0.07, SRMR=0.05, p<0.05) and 84% of the variance of body dysmorphic disorder is explained. Conclusion: In explaining the mediating role of self-esteem in the relationship between early maladaptive schemas and dysmorphic disorder, it can be said that when a person experiences changes in their appearance and body due to illness and considers these changes to be a kind of defect in them, they judge their body and appearance based on this perceived defect. Therefore, it is possible that the emotions and cognitions present in the schemas of self-regulation and impaired functioning react to signs of defect and show sensitivity to appearance. Given that the activity of self-regulation and impaired functioning schemas is, to some extent, accompanied by negative judgments about themselves and the experience of feelings of failure and helplessness, this feeling of failure and helplessness can lower the self-esteem of women with breast cancer, leading them to exhibit weaker self-esteem than other women. Consequently, when women with breast cancer do not have sufficient self-esteem, they feel inadequate due to the removal of the breast and the defect in the breast area, and they believe that they have a serious and major defect in their body. In such cases, they are more likely to experience body dysmorphic disorder. It can be concluded that body dysmorphic disorder in women with breast cancer can be improved with schema therapy and self-esteem training. The present study had several limitations. First, this study was a cross-sectional design. Therefore, future studies could adopt experimental or longitudinal designs to explore the relationship between variables. Data were collected using self-report questionnaires only. Although the validity and reliability of these questionnaires have been well established, response bias or socially desirable responses may have existed in the present study. The participants in this study were a sample from Tehran, so the cross-cultural applicability of the results is limited. Given that this study was conducted among women with breast cancer, future studies could also collect data from different groups of women with other chronic physical illnesses to gain more insight into the factors affecting dysmorphic disorder. The results of the present study have theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, this study using a mediation model may help to understand the mechanisms involved and affecting dysmorphic disorder. Also, the results of the present study showed that early maladaptive schemas and self-esteem are key factors for predicting body dysmorphic disorder. Therefore, it can be concluded that body dysmorphic disorder can be improved in women with breast cancer with schema therapy and self-esteem training.
A
Zohreh Rafezi; fatemeh Nourbehesht
Abstract
Objective: Chronic diseases pose a significant challenge to global healthcare, affecting not only physical health but also the psychological well-being of patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between coping strategies (active, passive, and pain acceptance, with the sub-scales of ...
Read More
Objective: Chronic diseases pose a significant challenge to global healthcare, affecting not only physical health but also the psychological well-being of patients. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between coping strategies (active, passive, and pain acceptance, with the sub-scales of activity engagement and pain willingness) and dimensions of body image (body satisfaction, appearance evaluation, body appreciation, and perceptions of body functionality), with body mass index (BMI) as a moderating variable. Method: A correlational research design was employed, with a sample of 125 chronic disease patients (including cancer, diabetes, and rheumatoid arthritis) recruited from hospitals and clinics in Isfahan, Iran (Khoreshid Hospital, Seyed al-Shohada Hospital, Al-Zahra Hospital, and Ariana Specialized Clinic). After coordinating with the mentioned medical centers, sample individuals were selected based on inclusion criteria (at least 6 months since disease diagnosis, age between 20-45 years, at least a high school education level to understand the questionnaire questions, and experiencing pain on most days of the week) and exclusion criteria (presence of psychotic disorders, psychiatric disorders affecting BMI such as eating disorders and substance abuse except for opioid medications commonly used in the treatment of chronic pain in patients' medical records). Data were collected using the Vanderbilt Pain Management Questionnaire, the revised Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire, the subscale of satisfaction with different parts of the body from the Multidimensional Body-Self Relationships Questionnaire, the shortened body shape questionnaire, the functionality appreciation scale, and the body appreciation scale. statistical equation test based on partial least squares variance and Pearson correlation test were used for data analysis. Results: Results indicated that BMI played a moderating role in the relationship between coping strategies and body image. Therefore, the positive or negative impact of coping strategies on body image varied among individuals with different body mass indexes. As body mass index decreased, the relationship between active coping strategies and body image satisfaction generally increased (β=-0/249, P<0.01), while the relationship between passive coping strategies and body image satisfaction decreased (β=-0/147, P<0.05). Dimensions of body image (body satisfaction, appearance evaluation, body appreciation, and perception of body functionality) were positively correlated with active coping and pain acceptance (activity engagement) (P<0.01 **) and a negative and significant relationship with passive coping and pain acceptance (pain willingness) (P<0.01 ** and P<0.05*). Overall, individuals who employed more active coping strategies and engagement in activities (a subscale of pain acceptance) scored higher on most body image dimensions. Conversely, those who used more passive coping strategies and a pain willingness (a subscale of pain acceptance, which was reverse-coded in the overall score) scored lower on body image dimensions. Conclusion: The findings suggest that as BMI increases, individuals become more vulnerable to ineffective coping strategies (passive coping and pain willingness) and less likely to employ effective coping strategies (active coping and activity engagement). The results of the study also confirm the effectiveness of active coping strategies and pain acceptance and the ineffectiveness of passive coping strategies in relation to body image. ultimately, it seems that patients with chronic pain can have a better experience of body image with the help of more beneficial coping strategies.
A
samaneh someloo; Manijeh Firoozi; atefeh Arabi; hoda zaraj
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to systematically review psychological interventions for individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among men worldwide, and its diagnosis and treatment often lead to significant psychological distress, including ...
Read More
Objective: The present study aimed to systematically review psychological interventions for individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer. Prostate cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers among men worldwide, and its diagnosis and treatment often lead to significant psychological distress, including anxiety, depression, and reduced quality of life. Addressing these psychological challenges is crucial for improving patients' overall well-being and treatment outcomes. This systematic review was conducted to identify and evaluate effective psychological interventions implemented for prostate cancer patients. Method: The research methodology involved a systematic search of international studies using keywords such as prostate cancer, psychological interventions, and systematic review. The search was conducted across several reputable databases, including Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Springer, PsycINFO, and ISI Web of Science. The review focused on studies published between 2015 and 2024 to ensure the inclusion of the most recent and relevant research. Studies were screened based on inclusion criteria, and selected articles underwent a thorough analysis to extract relevant data on psychological intervention strategies and their outcomes. Results: The findings of this systematic review identified five major psychological interventions commonly used for prostate cancer patients. These interventions include counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), mindfulness-based interventions, support groups, and couple therapy. Each of these approaches plays a significant role in addressing the emotional and psychological needs of patients. Counseling was found to provide a supportive environment where patients could openly discuss their fears, concerns, and coping mechanisms with trained professionals. This intervention helps in reducing emotional distress and promotes psychological adjustment to the cancer diagnosis and treatment process. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) was identified as an effective approach in altering negative thought patterns and behaviors associated with anxiety and depression. CBT equips patients with coping strategies to manage stress, improve mood, and enhance overall psychological resilience. Mindfulness-based interventions, such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT), were shown to significantly reduce stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms. These practices encourage patients to focus on the present moment and develop greater acceptance of their experiences, thereby improving their emotional well-being. Support groups emerged as a vital resource, offering patients a platform to share experiences, gain emotional support, and receive practical advice from peers undergoing similar challenges. Participation in support groups fosters a sense of community and belonging, which can alleviate feelings of isolation and enhance coping abilities. Couple therapy was highlighted as an important intervention for addressing relationship dynamics and communication issues that may arise due to the impact of prostate cancer on intimacy and partnership. This therapy aims to strengthen relationship bonds, improve mutual understanding, and provide strategies for joint coping with the disease. Overall, the systematic review underscores the importance of integrating psychological interventions into the comprehensive care of prostate cancer patients. These interventions not only mitigate psychological distress but also contribute to better treatment adherence and improved quality of life. Future research should focus on the development and evaluation of tailored psychological programs that address the diverse needs of prostate cancer patients at different stages of their treatment journey. Additionally, greater emphasis on culturally sensitive interventions and accessibility to psychological support services can further enhance patient outcomes. Conclusion: In conclusion, psychological interventions such as counseling, cognitive-behavioral therapy, mindfulness-based practices, support groups, and couple therapy are essential components of holistic care for individuals with prostate cancer. Implementing these strategies can significantly improve psychological well-being, emotional resilience, and overall quality of life for patients navigating the complexities of cancer diagnosis and treatment.
A
Ahmad ali Nematpour darzi; sajjad basharpoor; Dariush Moslemi
Abstract
Objective: Cancer is one of the diseases that is the cause of many deaths in the world today, and it is also one of the types of chronic diseases that has attracted the attention of many researchers. Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery Training is a specific intervention to improve the psychological problems ...
Read More
Objective: Cancer is one of the diseases that is the cause of many deaths in the world today, and it is also one of the types of chronic diseases that has attracted the attention of many researchers. Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery Training is a specific intervention to improve the psychological problems of cancer patients, therefore the purpose of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery Training on catastrophizing the perceived pain and stress of cancer patients. Method: The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test, post-test design with a control group. The statistical population of this research included all cancer patients who were diagnosed with cancer in 2021 at Shahid Rajaei Center in Babolsar city. The study sample of 30 people was selected through purposive sampling and randomly divided into two groups of 15 people (control group of 15 people and experimental group of 15 people). The experimental group was trained in Carlson and Speka's Mindfulness-Based Cancer Recovery, which was held in the form of 8 sessions of 90 minutes and held once a week. The pain catastrophizing questionnaire of Sullivan et al. (1995) and the perceived stress scale of Cohen, Kamrak and Mermelstein (1983) were used to collect data. The obtained data were analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis in SPSS 27 software. Results: Before performing covariance analysis, its assumptions were first tested.Accordingly, by examining the results of the Shapiro-Wilk test, it was found that the sample distribution of the data in the variables of positive perception of stress, negative perception of stress and catastrophizing of pain is normal.To check the homogeneity of variances, Levine's test was used for the variable of pain catastrophizing (p>0.05; F=0.004) and the variable of perceived stress (p>0.05; F=0.074). The results showed that the assumption of equality of variances of two groups is maintained at the community level.In this regard, the box test also confirmed the assumption of homogeneity of variance and covariance of the two groups (p>0.05; F=1.136). The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that after controlling for pre-test effects, there was a significant difference between the average scores of the two experimental and control groups in the variables of pain catastrophizing and perceived stress (p<0.05). Conclusion: Therefore, it is concluded that the healing of cancer based on mindfulness is a desirable and suitable intervention to influence the catastrophizing of pain and perceived stress of cancer patients.
A
Ali Janadleh
Abstract
Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the chronic illness that, due to its multiple and stable physical and mental dimensions, has major and continuous consequences on a wide range of aspects of the individual and social life of the patient. This illness has a female face based on its widespread ...
Read More
Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the chronic illness that, due to its multiple and stable physical and mental dimensions, has major and continuous consequences on a wide range of aspects of the individual and social life of the patient. This illness has a female face based on its widespread prevalence among women and also the specific effects it has on women. Nevertheless, in domestic studies, the experience of women with this illness has been less considered, and the few studies that have been conducted are often based on a clinical-medical and quantitative approach. Accordingly, in this article, an attempt is made to study the experience of women with Multiple sclerosis in the social context of Iranian society. Method: According to the main goal of this study, a feminist phenomenological approach has been adopted. Semi-structured interview was conducted with 25 women suffering from this illness who were selected using the purposeful sampling method and Criterion sampling strategy and the interviews were analyzed based on the procedure suggested by Moustakas. Results: Based on the narratives expressed in the interviews, the studied women's experience of Multiple sclerosis illness was formulated in the themes of living in suspension, shame of powerlessness, sexual inactivity, maternity risk and spousal apprehension. "Life in suspense" means that the women participating in this study, in describing and expressing their experience of MS illness, have mentioned the sense of uncertainty and not having a clear and reliable image of the future. "Shame of powerlessness" refers to the fact that the fatigue and disability caused by MS goes beyond the physical dimension, and women with MS feel a kind of shame due to their inability to perform daily activities. "Sexual inactivity" indicates that uncertainty and disability in MS affect the patient's most private activities, especially sexual performance, in such a way that it leads to a change in the research participants' self-perception and endangering personal relationships with their wives. The forth theme is “Risky motherhood”. In such a situation, "motherhood" in women with MS becomes a "risky" issue for both the patient and the child at various fetal stages and thereafter in terms of meeting the child's care needs. Finally, the theme of "marriage anxiety" that refers to research participant concerns about the continuity of married life, worry about the husband's lack of understanding of the patient's situation and etc. Such conditions make marriage and playing the role of a wife a problematic situation for women with MS. Conclusion: According to the extracted themes, the experience of female participants in this research was conceptualized under the main theme of "identity anxiety" that refers to the experience of anxiety and worry about unfulfilled gender identity. This experience and understanding of MS, is a result of the intersection of the experience of chronic illness with gender, the body, and the social context in which a woman's identity is closely tied to pre-defined expectations and roles such as sexual attractiveness, marriage, homemaking, wifehood, motherhood, etc.
A
Hamidreza Heidari; hajar torkan
Abstract
Objective: This research aimed to predict the quality of life of hemodialysis patients based on alexithymia, anxiety sensitivity, and psychological hardiness. Methods: The current research was of a descriptive-correlational type. The statistical population of this study included all patients undergoing ...
Read More
Objective: This research aimed to predict the quality of life of hemodialysis patients based on alexithymia, anxiety sensitivity, and psychological hardiness. Methods: The current research was of a descriptive-correlational type. The statistical population of this study included all patients undergoing hemodialysis in Isfahan City in 2022. Accordingly, 294 participants (180 men, 114 women) selected using the available sampling method. Data collection tools include the alexithymia scale (Bagby and Parker, 1994), anxiety sensitivity scale (Reiss et al., 1986), psychological hardiness scale (Kiamarthi et al., 1998), and quality of life scale (World Health Organization, 1996). The research data collected using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and step-by-step regression using SPSS-27 software. Results: The results showed that alexithymia, anxiety sensitivity, and psychological hardiness could predict 49.5% of the variance in quality of life. Alexithymia predicted 42% of the variance of quality of life (P<0.01, β=-0.420), anxiety sensitivity predicted 25/7% of the variance of quality of life (P<0.01, β=-0/257), and psychological hardiness predicted 25/5% of the variance of quality of life (P<0.01, β=0.255). Conclusion: Based on this, it can to conclude that alexithymia and anxiety sensitivity are among the factors that play an effective role in reducing the quality of life of hemodialysis patients. Alexithymia is a dysfunction in emotional processing that leads to a decrease in the ability to identify and diagnose emotions. When a person suffers from advanced kidney disease, i.e., undergoes hemodialysis, he faces problems and defects in the fields of self-esteem and independence in performing health and personal behaviors, so the high level of anxiety sensitivity and these physical worries in these people can be considered a common reaction in chronic patients. Since the quality of life defined and interpreted depending on the definition of the individual and his beliefs regarding the situation in which the individual is, these patients find their quality of life low. On the other hand, hemodialysis patients faced with an uncertain future and the inability to maintain the previous values of life, or at least the inability to follow these values as before the disease, since they find themselves unable to make changes in the said disease. Therefore, they become aroused faster and try less than healthy people to control their emotional situations, such as anxiety and physical changes. Accordingly, replanting and planning for the development and training of psychological hardiness in hemodialysis patients leads to an increase in the quality of life
A
samira torkian valashani; zohreh latifi; niloofar bagheri; Mohammad Soltanizadeh
Abstract
Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of self-healing education on the spiritual well-being and positive and negative emotions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in Isfahan, Iran. Methods: This research was a semi-experimental study with two experimental and control groups ...
Read More
Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of self-healing education on the spiritual well-being and positive and negative emotions in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients in Isfahan, Iran. Methods: This research was a semi-experimental study with two experimental and control groups by using pre-test-post-test and 2-month follow-up. The statistical population included all MS patients reffering to the treatment center in 2020, and the sample size consisted of 31 volunteers willing to participate in educational sessions who were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. The range of participants’ age was between 18 and 54 years. All participants completed positive and negative emotions questionnaires (Watson, 1988) and spiritual well-being (Dehshiri, 2010) as pre-tests under similar conditions. Subsequently, self-healing education consisting of 14 weekly sessions in 60 minutes, was considered for the experimental group. To examine the effectiveness of self-healing education on positive and negative emotions, repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) and to dtudy the effect of self-healing education on spiritual well-being, the Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used due to non-establishment of the assumption of normal distribution of data. Results: The LSD pairwise comparisons test results showed no significant difference in positive emotion scores in the experimental group between the pre-test and post-test stages. However, significant differences were noted between the pre-test and follow-up, as well as between the post-test and follow-up stages. In examining the significance of the self-connection subscale in both the experimental and control groups, no significant difference was observed at all three stages in the control group. However, in the experimental group, a significant difference was evident at all three stages following the intervention. Also, the difference in overall spiritual well-being scores in the experimental group was significant between the pre-test and follow-up, with an increase in the follow-up period. Similarly, the difference in the connection to nature subscale in the experimental group was significant between the pre-test and follow-up, as well as between the post-test and follow-up stages, indicating a positive impact of the education. But no significant effect was observed on the individual's relationship with others, the individual's relationship with God, and the reduction of negative emotions. Conclusion: The findings indicate that self-healing education improves spiritual well-being and positive emotions in MS patients. Participants likely improved their spiritual well-being in the area of self-connection by learning techniques such as spiritual elevation and inner richness, and accurately recognizing negative memories and their detrimental actions resulted in an improvement in their relationship with nature. It also appears that reducing inhibitory traits such as resentment and false beliefs leads to a change in attitude, strengthening willpower, and finding a better way to solve the problems. Additionally, tasks related to strengthening the 9 healing code may increase positive emotions.
A
sara zarieh; Farah Naderi; Saeid Bakhtiarpoor; parviz askari
Abstract
Objective: The present research was aimed to study the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy in cognitive emotion regulation and ego strength among cardiovascular patients with obesity.Method: The method was semi-experimental with pretest, posttest and 3-month follow-up with control group design. ...
Read More
Objective: The present research was aimed to study the effectiveness of emotion-focused therapy in cognitive emotion regulation and ego strength among cardiovascular patients with obesity.Method: The method was semi-experimental with pretest, posttest and 3-month follow-up with control group design. The statistical population included all cardiovascular patients with obesity in Tehran who referred to Shariati and Rajaei hospitals in 2019-2020. The sampling method was purposive method. Thirty patients were assigned in two groups randomly (15 patients in each group). The experimental group received emotion-focused intevention in 90-minute weekly sessions for eight weeks. The control group were in waitting list. To gather the data, the cognitive emotion regulation (Garnefsk and Kraaij., 2007) and the psychosocial inventory of ego strengths (Markstrom, et al., 1997) questionairs were implemented. The data were analyzed by SPSS-24 via analysis of variance with repeated measures.Results: Results showed that emotion-focused therapy was effective in increasing positive emotional cognitive regulation (p<0.001) and ego strength (p<0.001). The effectiveness of this treatment in negative emotional cognitive regulation was not significant (p>0.05). The interactive effect of time group for the components of hope (P = 0.170, h2 = 0.018), desire (h2=0.182, P = 0.012), goal (h2 = 0.207, P = 0.005), competence (h2=0.141, P=0.042), loyalty h2=0.296, P = 0.001, F = 6.95), love (h2=0.317, P=0.001), care (h2=0.274, P=0.001) and wisdom (h2=0.190, P=0.011) are significant. The results of the Ben Feroni test comparing the effect of time showed that the difference in the average scores of the eight components of my strength in the pre-test-post-test and pre-test-follow-up stages is statistically significant, but the difference in the average scores in the post-test-follow-up stages is not significant.Conclusion: According to the findings, it could be said that emotion-focused therapy was a reliable and a stable method in order to improving the psychological conditions of cardiovascular patients, especially ego strength and positive emotional cognitive regulation. In explaining the effectiveness of emotion-oriented therapy in increasing the strength of cardiovascular patients with obesity, it can be said that emotion-oriented therapy is by processing emotional experiences to cardiovascular patients in regulating their emotional functions and in this way achieve more consistent emotional responses that increase resilience and strength. Achieving adaptive emotional responses by modulating emotional responses and coping with disempowering maladaptive emotions increases my resilience in these individuals.
A
Mahsa Assarzadegan; Zohreh Raeisi
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of training based on positive- psychology on Quality of life and happiness of patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: This Quasi-Experimental study was a pretest- posttest and follow-upwith control group. The statistical population ...
Read More
Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of training based on positive- psychology on Quality of life and happiness of patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: This Quasi-Experimental study was a pretest- posttest and follow-upwith control group. The statistical population of the study included patients with type 2 diabetes who referred to Hazrat Ali Health center (Isfahan, 2017) Of these, 30 members of the diabetic patients were selected by convenient sampling ,and were then randomly assigned into two 15-member group (experimental and control groups). The experimental group received a positive psychological approach for 8 sessions of 90 minutes, and The control group did not receive any treatment. Both groups were evaluated before and after the intervention and in the follow up using the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (1996) and Oxford Happiness (1989). Results: Analysis of deta by variance with repeated measurements Showed that positive-psychological education had significant influence on the quality of life and happiness in patients with type 2 diabetes and There is a significant difference between the experimental and control (P <0.001). Conclusion: Positive psychological education effectively improves the quality of life and happiness of patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended that this treatment approach be used to help improve the quality of life and happiness of these patients.
A
Tahereh Samin; Hossain Akhlaghi Kohpaei
Abstract
Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the chronic diseases in which physical and psychological disorders are very common among these patients. Aim:The aim of this study was prediction of life expectancy based on quality of life, perceived stress and fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. ...
Read More
Objective: Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is one of the chronic diseases in which physical and psychological disorders are very common among these patients. Aim:The aim of this study was prediction of life expectancy based on quality of life, perceived stress and fatigue in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Method: The method of study was correlation. The statistical population of this study was all members of the Association of Multiple Sclerosis (MS) Patients in the first half of the 1396 year that among the statistical population, 120 people were selected by simple random sampling method. The data gathering tool was questionnaires of MillerHope Scale (MHS), Quality of Life (SF-36), Quality of Life (SF-36), Product-service systems (PSS) and Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI). Data were analyzed using statistical tests of correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis with stepwise method.Results: The results showed that quality of life had a significant positive correlation with the life expectancy of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, but perceived stress and fatigue had a significant negative relationship with life expectancy in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Also the results showed that quality of life, perceived stress and fatigue was explained 39% of the total variance of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients that in the meanwhile, Perceived stress (Beta= - 0.34) had the greatest role in predicting the life expectancy of multiple sclerosis (MS) patients and after that, respectively, were fatigue (Beta= - 0.22) and quality of life (Beta= 0.20).Conclusion: Considering the effect of quality of life, perceived stress and fatigue are suggested in the hope of life in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), while treating drugs to improve the psychological health and increase their hope,quality education courses based on quality of life and Based on reducing stress for them.
A
Rasoul Heshmati; Elaheh Naseri; Maryam Parnian Khoy
Abstract
Objective: Smoking additionally is one of the risk factors for cancer, can play an important role in the recovery process of cancer patients. This issue is affected by several factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was investigating the role of emotional repression and ego – strength in ...
Read More
Objective: Smoking additionally is one of the risk factors for cancer, can play an important role in the recovery process of cancer patients. This issue is affected by several factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was investigating the role of emotional repression and ego – strength in predicting of smoking and non-smoking in cancer patients. Method: In this research that is a descriptive – correlative and cross-sectional study, from the cancer patients who referred to the chemotherapy part in Vali-e-Asr hospital in Tabriz during the April and May months of 2017, 120 patient were selected using the available sampling method. The instruments used in this study were Weinbergeret.al Adjustment Inventory (WAI) (1979) and Markstrom et.al Psychosocial Inventory of Ego Strength (PIES). Data were analyzed using software SPSS 21 and Logistic regression method.Result: Findings Showed that among the components of emotional repression, subjective experience of distress (β= -0.12) can predict smoking.The regression model of emotional repression for 73/3 percent of participants correctly predicted the results. About ego – strength, hope (β= -0.16) and purpose (β= -0.14) are able to predict of smoking. Also, ego – strength’s model for 77.5 percent of participants correctly can predict smoking. Conclusion: subjective experience of distress, hope and purpose are an important determinants of smoking in cancer patients. It is necessary to consider the role of these variables in smoking cessation interventions in cancer patients.
A
sayyed Reza mirmahdi; marzeieh razaali
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on resilince, emotion regulation and life expectancy among women with diabetes. Method: The method of research was semi-experimental with pretest and posttest control group. Data were collected ...
Read More
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on resilince, emotion regulation and life expectancy among women with diabetes. Method: The method of research was semi-experimental with pretest and posttest control group. Data were collected from the Responding Questionnaire by Connor and Davidson (2003), Garnowski Critical Settlement Questionnaire (2006), and Miller & Wacky Hope Questionnaire (1988). The sample were 30 patient women who were selected by available sampling and were randomly placed in tow groups of experimental group and control group. The experimental group received 9 sessions Mindfulness-based Cognitive Therapy. Result: The results of this study showed that mindfulness education is not effective in improving the life expectancy of women with diabetes (p>0/05) However, had significant effect on resilince and emotion regulation of women with diabetes (p<0/05). Conclusion: mindfulness can play an important role as adjunctive and Rehabilitation therapies with medical treatment.
A
Mohammad Amiri; Karim Asgari Mobarakeh; Hamidreza orayzi
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Stress inoculation training (SIT) on the sense of agency and average weekly fasting blood sugar in diabetic patients. Method: was quasi-experimental and the population of this study included 2450 diabetic patients in Um Al-Baninn ...
Read More
Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Stress inoculation training (SIT) on the sense of agency and average weekly fasting blood sugar in diabetic patients. Method: was quasi-experimental and the population of this study included 2450 diabetic patients in Um Al-Baninn Clinic in Isfahan. Among them, 17 women and 9 men were randomly selected and subjected to two experimental groups (10 women and 4 men) and control (5 women and 7 men). The questionnaires the researcher made a weekly average of diabetic blood glucose and a sense of agency before and after intercourse. The experimental group received the (SIT) in 6 sessions of 90 minutes weekly, but the control group did not receive this training.Result: The results of this study showed that the mentioned training significantly increased (p Conclusion: (SIT) can be used as an effective interventional method for reducing the average weekly fasting blood sugar level and improving the sense of agency of diabetic patients.
A
S.Younes Mohamadi; Katayon rahimzada Tehrani
Volume 7, Issue 25 , June 2018, , Pages 106-120
Abstract
Objective:AIDS will change the route of life people with the disease and to cause loss of self – esteem, increased vulnerability feeling and confusion thoughts in their. This study was aimed to investigate The effectiveness of the logotherapy on the spiritual health and quality of life of women ...
Read More
Objective:AIDS will change the route of life people with the disease and to cause loss of self – esteem, increased vulnerability feeling and confusion thoughts in their. This study was aimed to investigate The effectiveness of the logotherapy on the spiritual health and quality of life of women with HIV. Method: The study design was experimental. The statistical society consisted of all women with AIDS in 2015 were referred to clinics in Tehran. Among them, 30 were selected by random sampling and were divided into two groups (experimental and control groups). The Experimental group received 10 sessions of logo therapy. Research instruments were The World Health Organization Quality of Life and spiritual health Questionnaires (Ellison & Palutzian) and were performed on pre-test and post-test. To analyze the data multivariate analysis of covariance was used by spss20.Result: The results showed that logotherapy, improving quality of life and its subscales (Mental health, physical health, social health and the environment). Also, logotherapy increased spiritual health and its dimensions (Existential and Religious health) in women with HIV. Conclusion: According to these results, it can be deduced that Logo improving quality of life and spiritual well-being in people with AIDS, and it can be used as a coping method for improving spiritual health and increasing quality of patients' lives with AIDS/HIV.
A
Zahra Abdekhodaie; Shahriar Shahidi; Mohammad Ali Mazaheri; leyli panaghi; vahid Nejati
Volume 6, Issue 24 , March 2018, , Pages 7-30
Abstract
Objective: This study aimed to investigate quality psychological strategies which were applied by MS patients. Method: A phenomenological approach was adopted using a qualitative method and 15 participants were chosen none randomly on the basis of their availability. Deep interviews were carried out ...
Read More
Objective: This study aimed to investigate quality psychological strategies which were applied by MS patients. Method: A phenomenological approach was adopted using a qualitative method and 15 participants were chosen none randomly on the basis of their availability. Deep interviews were carried out with fifteen MS patients and detailed information obtained from these interviews was analyzed using the Colizzi and the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis methods. Result: Result of the present study indicated that two major categories in applied psychological strategies can be identified. Each of which was consist of several sub-categories. These were labeled as follows: 1. Defense mechanisms; “pathologic”, “neurotic”, “immature” and “mature”. 2. Coping strategies; “problem-focused coping”, “emotion-focused coping” and “coping based on spirituality and religion”. Conclusion: Use “denial” as a most common defense mechanism with the “neurotic” and “immature” defense mechanism lead to reduce the level of individual ability in dealing with disease. Although each of the three categories of coping strategies was used but often the participants use the emotion-focused coping. In most common case, using of “denial” as a defense mechanism was viewed in relation with “seeking social support” and “avoidance – escape” as a coping strategy. Adaptive coping and religion/ spirituality strategies was used in patients with higher levels of self-integrity.
A
GolamAli Afrooz; Mojtaba Dalir; Maryam Sadeghi
Volume 6, Issue 24 , March 2018, , Pages 180-195
Abstract
Objective: Surgery in the treatment of breast cancer is one of the most common treatments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on body image, life expectancy , and happiness in women with mastectomy experience. Method: This research was a semi-experimental ...
Read More
Objective: Surgery in the treatment of breast cancer is one of the most common treatments. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on body image, life expectancy , and happiness in women with mastectomy experience. Method: This research was a semi-experimental study with pre-test and post-test design with the control group. The statistical population of this study was breast cancer women with mastectomy in Tehran. In this study, 30 patients participated voluntarily and the participants were randomly assigned into two groups of 15 individuals. The experimental group received positive psychotherapy in 90-minute sessions for 6 sessions, while the control group did not receive any intervention. To collect the data, The Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (1990), the Adult Dispositional Hope Scale of Snyder (1991) and Oxford Happiness Inventory (1989) were used. Results: Analysis of data by multivariate analysis of covariance showed that positive psychotherapy had a significant positive effect on life expectancy and happiness in women’s with mastectomy experience. Conclusion: According to the results, the use of positive psychotherapy in the treatment of women with breast surgery experience is recommended.
A
Mahsa Ghorbani; Ahmad ALipour; Mahnaz ALiakbaridehkordi
Volume 6, Issue 23 , December 2017, , Pages 151-167
Abstract
Introduction:There are evidences about effectiveness of positive approach on depression، anxiety and decrease of the negative excitement . This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of interventions of positive approach on depression, self esteem, body image and life expectancy of mastectomized ...
Read More
Introduction:There are evidences about effectiveness of positive approach on depression، anxiety and decrease of the negative excitement . This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of interventions of positive approach on depression, self esteem, body image and life expectancy of mastectomized women. Method: The research design of this study was a quasi-experimental research with pre-test and post-test design and a control group. In this research, women who had undergone mastectomy in Tajrish hospital, Tehran Cancer Research Center were studied and after it was confirmed that they have the required criteria for entering the study and pre-test was performed, 30 of them were chosen by convenience sampling. They were randomly divided into control and experimental groups. After the intervention of the positive approach to the intervention group in six sessions, the post-test was performed and the results were collected and analyzed using Spss software. Results :The results of analysis of covariance showed that positive approach has could reduce depression and increase their self-esteem, body image, and life expectancy. Conclusion: Finally, based on the findings of this study it can be concluded that a positive approach with regards to its specific techniques can be useful in working with mastectom people ized.
A
S.Fateme Manafi; GHolamreza Dehshiri
Volume 6, Issue 22 , September 2017, , Pages 115-130
Abstract
Introduction: Fear of disease progression is common problems and the main causes of distress in chronic disease. This fear can have destructive effect, including emotional problems of patients with chronic physical diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between fear of ...
Read More
Introduction: Fear of disease progression is common problems and the main causes of distress in chronic disease. This fear can have destructive effect, including emotional problems of patients with chronic physical diseases. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between fear of disease progression with anxiety, stress and depression among multiple sclerosis and cancer patients. Methods: The sample of this research consisted of 212 female patients with multiple sclerosis and 102 cancers that were selected by convenience sampling method. The assessment tools have been including fear of progression questionnaire and depression, anxiety and stress scale. Results: The results showed that significant positive relationships were found for fear of progression and anxiety, stress and depression. All in all, the result of this analysis showed that the tested model explain 48 percentage of the variance of emotional problems. Another finding of this study was that the fear of disease progression in patients with cancer was much more than in patients with multiple sclerosis. Conclusion: Thus, due to administration and planning health care of chronic diseases, including multiple sclerosis and cancer, the consideration of fear of disease progression in these patients is important.
A
Roghayeh Mirzazadeh; Alireza Pirkhaefi
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 2017, , Pages 52-65
Abstract
The current research has aimed at investigating the effectiveness of clinical creativity therapy model on improving hope and happiness of the patients with cancer breast. Method:the method of this research has been quasi-experimental of pretest-posttest type with the presence of control group. The sample ...
Read More
The current research has aimed at investigating the effectiveness of clinical creativity therapy model on improving hope and happiness of the patients with cancer breast. Method:the method of this research has been quasi-experimental of pretest-posttest type with the presence of control group. The sample of this research were selected as available Contains 30 patient, who had with breast cancer. Hope Schneider questionnaire and Oxford questionnaire were applied in order to measure their hope and happiness .For experimental group a period of 10 sessions of creativity therapy was held .Findings:covariance analysis showed that there was a significant difference in hope between experimental and control group And there was also a significant difference in happiness between the two groups .Results: The results showed that the clinical creativity therapy model was able to create a significant increase in hope and happiness of the Patients with breast cancer in experimental group in comparison with control group.Keywords: creativity therapy, hope, happiness, breast cancer.
A
Shahram Mohammadkhani; Ali Akbar Haddadi Kuhsar; Hamideh Soleymani; Amir Eatemadi; Seyed Ahmad Seyd Ali Naghei
Volume 6, Issue 21 , May 2017, , Pages 104-115
Abstract
Introduction: The aim of the current study was to prediction of resilience from cognitive emotion regulation in individuals with HIV infection. Methods: To accomplish the stated goal 130 were selected by means of accessible sampling procedure from the counseling center of behavioral illness of Imam Khomeini ...
Read More
Introduction: The aim of the current study was to prediction of resilience from cognitive emotion regulation in individuals with HIV infection. Methods: To accomplish the stated goal 130 were selected by means of accessible sampling procedure from the counseling center of behavioral illness of Imam Khomeini Hospital. The Resiliency Scale and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were administered on them. Results: Analysis of data using a multiple regression analysis revealed that the magnitude of resilience can be predicted from the quality of cognitive emotion regulation in individuals with HIV infection. Moreover, data revealed that individuals that had adjustment cognitive emotion regulation were higher in resilience(R2= 0/46).Conclusion: This study showed that the adjustment cognitive emotion regulation is significant predictor of resiliency in individuals living with HIV. Therefore, identifying and modifying maladjustment cognitive emotion regulation through psychological intervention can be helpful in increasing resilience of individuals living with HIV.Keywords: Cognitive Emotion Regulation, Resilience, HIV Infection.
A
sara zandieh; Mohsen Dehghani; Farhad Asarzadegan
Volume 5, Issue 19 , October 2016, , Pages 45-56
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate family functioning in families with a member suffering from headache and families without this situation. Methods: The participants in this study were 124 patients who were suffering from recurring headaches and chronic headaches, 69 patients ...
Read More
Objective: The aim of this study was to compare and evaluate family functioning in families with a member suffering from headache and families without this situation. Methods: The participants in this study were 124 patients who were suffering from recurring headaches and chronic headaches, 69 patients had chronic headache and 55 patients suffering from recurring headaches. In the control group, there was 53 individuals had not a history of severe headaches. Participants of this study who chose in neurology clinics was sampled as in access participants. They complete demographic questionnaire and Family Assessment Device (FAD), and MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) test performed for this goal. Results showed that there was significant difference between chronic headache, non-chronic headache, and control group (p<0.01). Otherwise, there was significant difference between these groups in FAD's subscales. Findings: Games-Howell post hoc test indicated patients with chronic headache had poorer family function in comparison to control group. Conclusion: We can conclude that families of headache patients in particular chronic headache, have dysfunctional family and we should consider the role of family in consolidation and deterioration of headaches more than past. Off course giving attention to family factors could be help us in understanding this complex disorder
A
Afsaneh Motovalli Naeni; Mohammad Ali Besharat
Volume 5, Issue 19 , October 2016, , Pages 69-84
Abstract
Objective: Considering to significance of psychological factors in occurrence of physical pain, the current research has been conducted for the purpose of comparing mindfulness and self-regulation in women with non-cardiac chest pain and normal in Tehran city. Method: The methodology of this research ...
Read More
Objective: Considering to significance of psychological factors in occurrence of physical pain, the current research has been conducted for the purpose of comparing mindfulness and self-regulation in women with non-cardiac chest pain and normal in Tehran city. Method: The methodology of this research was causal-comparative design. Hence, the research sample including 60 non-cardiac chest pain diagnosed women among referrals of two hospitals and cardiac clinics were selected by accessibility sampling Method and the sample of the healthy group also including: 60 women of accompanying the patients and the personnel of mentioned hospitals without any chest-pain who have certain criteria to participate in research. The subjects responded to two questionnaires including mindful attention awareness scale (Brown & Ryan, 2003) and Self-regulation scale (Ibanez & etal). Research data were analyzed by multi variables Covariance analysis test. Findings: The results of analysis demonstrated significant difference in average values of mindfulness, self-regulation and its components contain positive action, controllability, expression of feeling,assertiveness & well-being seeking between women with non-cardiac chest pain and normal (P<0/05). Conclusion: These findings showed that mindfulness and Self-regulation has relationship to non-cardiac chest pain. These results have important implications about these structures and importance of therapeutic interventions for these patents.
A
Bahram Maleki; ahmad alipor; hosein zare; farhad shaghaghi
Volume 5, Issue 18 , July 2016, , Pages 5-20
Abstract
AbstractBackground : the study of self esteem is one of the most common methods for studying individual differences in psychology.Acording the theory of the relationship between self-esteem and cardiovascular function ( Martinz , Greenberg, and Alan, 2008 ) self-esteem it can be related with feelings ...
Read More
AbstractBackground : the study of self esteem is one of the most common methods for studying individual differences in psychology.Acording the theory of the relationship between self-esteem and cardiovascular function ( Martinz , Greenberg, and Alan, 2008 ) self-esteem it can be related with feelings of safety in the encounter with threat and stress Objectives: The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between explicit and implicit self-esteem levels, with heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure as index of cardiovascular Methods: This study was a correlative study on a sample of 320 subjects of university with random sampling. Explicit and implicit self-esteem of subjects measured entering to laboratory of university and then blood pressure and heart rate were measured. Results: The results of Spearman's correlation coefficient and regression analysis showed that btween explicit self-esteem and cardiovascular function parameters were significant negative (p>0/01) correlation in all three cases. Regression analysis of data showed that explicit and implicit self-esteem could significantly predict systolic blood pressure and heart rate. In both cases, implicit self -esteem are more predictive power than explicit self-esteem. Conclusion: In overall results showed that low self-esteem significantly can be predictive of high heart rate and blood pressure and otherwise, high self-esteem can be predictive of low heart rate and blood pressure.
A
samera hoseini; Jaber Davoodi; Mojtaba Habibi; Richard Fielding
Volume 3, Issue 12 , December 2015, , Pages 70-83
Abstract
ـ (1389). فصلنامه بیماریهای پستان، مرکز تحقیقات سرطانپستان جهاد دانشگاهی علوم پزشکی تهران، شماره 1.##
American Cancer Society, (2008), “Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines”.##American Cancer Society, (2011), ...
Read More
ـ (1389). فصلنامه بیماریهای پستان، مرکز تحقیقات سرطانپستان جهاد دانشگاهی علوم پزشکی تهران، شماره 1.##
American Cancer Society, (2008), “Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines”.##American Cancer Society, (2011), Last Medical Review.##American Cancer Society, (2012).##Anderson, G. L. &Clebowski, R. T. & Aragaki, A. K. et al. (2013), “Conjugated equine oestrogen and breast cancer incidenceand mortality in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: extended follow-up of the Women’s Health Initiative randomized placebo-controlled trial”.##Bandura, A. (1997), “Self-efficacy towards a unifying theory of behavioral change”, PsycholRev, 8(191- 215).##Bandura, A. (1985), “Social Foundations of Thought and Action: A Social Cognitive Theory”, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.##Bandura, A. (1997), “Self-efficacy. HarvMent Health Lett”. New York, NY: Academic Press, 13(9), 40- 49.##Bandura, A. (1997), “Self-Efficacy: The Exercise of Control”, New York: Freeman.##Bandura, A. (1977), “Social Learning Theory”, Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.##Chery, D. K., Burt, C. W. &Woodwell, D. A. (2003), “National ambulatory medical care survey: Advance data from vital health statistics”,National center for Health statistics.##El-Tamer, M. B., Ward, B. M., &Schifftner, T. (2007), “Morbidity and mortality following breast cancer surgery in women: national benchmarks for standard of care”, Ann Surg, 245, 665- 671.##Fisher, B., Costantino, J.P. &Wickerham, D.L. & et al. (2005), “Tamoxifen for the prevention of breast cancer: current status of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project P-1 study” , J Natl Cancer Inst, 97:1652–1662.##Harcourt, D. (2007), “Quality of Life in Post-Mastectomy Radiotherapy” , Advances in Breast Cancer, 4, 1- 8.##Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health, Rehabilitation Oncology, (2010), Vol. 28, No. 3.##Hynes, D. M, Weaver, F., & Morrow, M. (2004), “Breast cancer surgery trends and outcomes: results from a National Department of Veterans Affairs study”, J Am CollSurg; 198: 707- 716.##InsanaFisher, P. T., & Howell, D. (2010), “The Power of Empowerment: An ICF-Based Model to Improve Self-Efficacy and Upper Extremity Function of Survivors of Breast Cancer”, Rehabilitation Oncology, 28, 17- 19.##Lam, W. T. (2002), “Is self-efficacy a predictor of short-term post-surgical adjustment among Chinese women with breast cancer?”, 16, 651- 659.##Lam, W. T., Chan, M., Hung W. K., & Fielding, R. (2007), Psycho-Oncology , 16: 904- 912.##Lam, W. T., Chan, M., Hung W. K., & Fielding, R. (2009), Psycho-Oncology, 18: 1189–1198 .##Luszczynska, A., Gutiérrez-Doña, B., &Schwarzer, R. (2005), “ General self-efficacy in various domains of human functioning: Evidence from five countries”, International Journal of Psychology, 40, 80-89.##Merluzzi, T. V., Nairn, R. C., Hegde, K., Martinez Sanchez, M. A., & Dunn, L. (2001). Self‐efficacy for coping with cancer: revision of the Cancer Behavior Inventory (version 2.0). Psycho‐Oncology, 10(3), 206-217.##National Breast Cancer Organization (formerly Breast Cancer Network of Strength), (2009).##Rogers, L. Q., Courneya, K. S., Verhulst, S., Markwell, S., Lanzotti, V., & Shah, P. (2006). Exercise barrier and task self-efficacy in breast cancer patients during treatment. Supportive care in cancer, 14(1), 84-90.##Schwarzer, R., & Jerusalem, M. (1995). “Generalized self-efficacy scale”. Measures in Health Psychology: A User’s Portfolio. Causal and ControlBeliefs, 35- 37.##Stopeck, A. T., Lipton, A. et al. (2012), “Denosumab Compared With Zoledronic Acid for the Treatment of Bone Metastases in Patients With Advanced Breast Cancer: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study” , J ClinOncol, 18, 112- 146##Vilholm, O. J., Rasmussen, L. &Sindrup, S. H. (2008), “The postmastectomy pain syndrome: An epidemiological study on the prevalence of chronic pain after surgery for breast cancer”, 99, 604- 610##
