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Nader Hajloo; Hasan Abdollahzadeh; Ali Salmani; Aysan Sharei; Negar Farhoudi
Abstract
Objective: Tension headache is known as the second most common chronic disease in the world. Tension headaches pose a significantly greater social burden than migraines, especially in chronic cases, and can have significant negative consequences on various aspects of an individual's well-being, including ...
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Objective: Tension headache is known as the second most common chronic disease in the world. Tension headaches pose a significantly greater social burden than migraines, especially in chronic cases, and can have significant negative consequences on various aspects of an individual's well-being, including physical, psychological, and social interactions. This type of headache has attracted the attention of many researchers and health professionals due to its prevalence and significant impact on quality of life. Therefore, designing a specific questionnaire can be an important step towards developing related research. The present study aimed to design and validate a tension headache questionnaire in the Iranian population. Method: The present study is a mixed qualitative-quantitative study. The qualitative part of the research was conducted in an inductive manner to extract the items used in developing the questionnaire. In the quantitative part, a descriptive method was used in the form of psychometric studies to examine the validity and reliability of the developed tool. In the qualitative part, the statistical population was all articles extracted from the scientific databases SID, Magiran, and Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Since direct, and Google scholar between 2000 and 2024. The statistical population of the research in the quantitative part consisted of all people with tension headaches based on the diagnostic criteria of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3) in 2025. The sample of the present study was 240 individuals from four cities selected by purposive sampling method and responded to the Tension Headache Questionnaire (2025), Questionnaire for Measuring Symptoms of Migraine Headache of Najarian (1997) and Psychological Well-Being Scale of Ryff (1989). Internal consistency coefficient, concurrent validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were used to analyze the data. The data were analyzed using SPSS.26 and LISREL.10.20 software. Results: The results of the internal consistency coefficient showed that this questionnaire and its subscales have adequate reliability (α>0.70). The results of the correlation coefficient showed that the positive relationship between the tension headaches variable and the severity of migraine symptoms (r=0.750, P<0.001) indicates appropriate convergent validity and the negative correlation coefficient between the psychological well-being variable (r=-0.155, P<0.05) indicates appropriate divergent validity. The fit indices of the confirmatory factor analysis model also confirmed the final model of this questionnaire with eight components of factors related to repetition, pain, time, environment, sensitivity, distress tolerance, pressure/tension, and mood (P<0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the tension headache questionnaire has acceptable validity and reliability in the Iranian society and is well-adapted to the cultural and indigenous characteristics of Iranian patients, which allows for a proper understanding of its items. Using this tool in diagnosing or assessing the severity of tension headaches can have a significant impact and is a suitable self-assessment scale for clinical and research situations.
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Niloofar Mikaeili; Ali Salmani; Aysan Sharei
Abstract
Objective: Headache is a common neurological problem in children and adolescents that can lead to a decrease in the quality of life. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy intervention on migraine headaches and anger rumination in female ...
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Objective: Headache is a common neurological problem in children and adolescents that can lead to a decrease in the quality of life. The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy intervention on migraine headaches and anger rumination in female students with migraine. Method: The research method was a pre-test-post-test experiment with a control group. The statistical population of the research included all female students with migraine in the second year of secondary school in Ardabil city in the academic year of 2023-2024, from among them, according to the criteria for entering the research and using the purposeful sampling method, 30 students with migraine were randomly selected in the experimental group (15 people) and the control group (15 people) were replaced. The experimental group received 8 90-minute sessions of positive psychotherapy (Seligman, 2002) and the control group, which was on the waiting list, received no training. Najarian's Migraine Symptom Severity Questionnaire (2006) and Sokodolski et al.'s Anger Rumination Scale (2001) was used to collect data. Data was analyzed using multivariate covariance analysis in SPSS26 software. Results: Considering that the assumptions of normality, homogeneity of error variances, homogeneity of the regression slope between covariance variables with independent variable and equal to the variance covariance matrices were maintained: multivariate covariance analysis was used to compare the mean scores of migraine headaches and anger rumination variables in the post-test. became The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the mean post-test scores of the two experimental and control groups after controlling for the pre-test effects in the variables of migraine headaches (P<0.001; F=73.04, ηp2=0.73) and anger rumination (P<0.001; F=20/66, ηp2=0.44) exists. Therefore, positive psychotherapy has reduced migraine headaches and rumination of anger in female students with migraines, which indicates the positive effect of this intervention. Conclusion: It can be concluded that positive psychotherapy intervention is effective in improving migraine headaches and rumination of anger in female students with migraine, and therefore, according to the research findings, positive psychotherapy can be used to reduce the problems of people with migraine. Positive psychotherapy can be done by using ways such as increasing positive experiences, teaching awareness of positive experiences, creating positive experiences through mental visualization, teaching ways to reduce negative emotions, paying conscious attention to current emotions, behaviors, attitudes, feelings and paying full attention to positive emotions and Self-negativity and accepting it without judgment lead to improvement of migraine headaches and anger rumination in students with migraine
